U  F 


IC-NRLF 


IE 


MAJOR  E.  A.  SHERMAN, 


CONFIDENTIAL 


FOR  OFFICIAL  USE  ONLY 


THE  TRAINING  AND  EMPLOY- 
MENT OF  BOMBERS 

ISSUED  BY  THE  GENERAL  STAFF 


Reprinted  from  the  Revised  British  Ediiioi) 
of  September,  1916    ' 


EDITED  AT  THE  ARMY  WAR  COLLEGE 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C.,  1917 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1917 


UP 


.WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

Document  No.  581. 

Office  of  The  Adjutant  General. 


WAR  DEPARTMENT, 

WASHINGTON,  May  7,  1917. 

The  following  instructions  for  the  training  and  employment  of 
bombers  are  published  for  the  information  and  guidance  of  all  con- 
cerned. 

(2593173,  A.  G.  O.) 

BY   ORDER    OF   THE    SECRETARY    OP   WAR: 

H.  L.  SCOTT, 
Major  General,  Chief  of  Staf. 
OFFICIAL  : 

H.  P.  McCAIN, 

The  Adjutant  General. 

(3) 


€64358 


INDEX. 

Page. 

General  principles 3 

Organization 4 

Training 6 

Precautions  against  accidents  during  practice 14 

Employment  of  bombers  in  the  attack 18 

Organization  and  execution  of  a  bombing  attack 19 

Employment  of  bombers  in  an  attack  on  a  large  scale  across 

the  open 24 

Equipment  of  bombers '. 26 

Blocking  trenches  against  a  grenade  attack 26 

Supply  of  grenades  in  attack 32 

Employment  of  bombers  in  the  defense 35 

Care  and  storage  of  grenades 37 

Appendix  I: 

Suggestions  for  syllabus  of  training 39 

Use  of  No.  23  grenade 44 

Standard  tests 45 

Physical  training  for  bombers 48 

Method  of  using  the  rifle  and  bayonet  when  attacking 

round  a  traverse 51 

Appendix  II.  Grenade  carriers 53 

Appendix  III.  Description  of  British  grenades 55 

Appendix  IV.  Description  of  German  grenades 67 

Appendix  V.  Summary  of  instructions  for  supply  of  grenades 

in  attack 84 

Appendix  VI .  German  grenade  tactics 87 

Plate  A.  Blocking  gate 100 

Plates  B  to  F.  British  grenades 102 

Plates  G  to  Q.  German  grenades Ill 

Plates  1  to  10A.  Methods  of  throwing  grenades. 

(5) 


THE  TRAINING  AND  EMPLOYMENT  OF  BOMBERS. 


GENERAI,  PRINCIPLES. 

1.  The  nature  of  operations  in  the  presort  campaign  has  devel- 
oped the  employment  of  rifle  and  hand  grenades  both  in  attack  and 
defense  to  such  an  extent  that  the  grenade  has  beqome  one  of  the 
principal  weapons  in  trench  warfare. 

The  grenade  is  essentially  a  weapon  for  trench  warfare  or  for  very 
close  fighting,  and  should  rarely  be  used  in  the  open,  where  rifle 
fire  is  much  more  effective. 

Every  Infantry  soldier  and  machine  gunner  must  receive  instruc- 
tion in  grenade  throwing,  and  must  at  least  know  how  to  use  the 
Mills  grenade,  and  have  thrown  a  live  one  in  practice.  It  is  not 
every  man,  however,  who  possesses  the  temperament  or  the  qualifica- 
tions necessary  to  make  a  really  efficient  bomber. 

There  should  be,  therefore,  in  every  platoon  at  least  one  noncom- 
missioned officer  and  eight  men  with  a  higher  degree  of  efficiency 
and  training  than  the  remainder.  These  men  are  available  either 
to  work  with  the  platoon  or  to  provide  a  reserve  of  bombers  for  any 
special  object.  Some  battalions  have  in  addition  a  platoon  of  bat- 
talion bombers,  trained  and  administered  as  a  separate  unit  of  the 
battalion  organization. 

Bombers  should  be  carefully  selected;  men  fond  of  outdoor  games 
are  the  easiest  to  train. 

The  foregoing  is  applicable  also  to  Cavalry,  who  should  have 
squads  of  expert  bombers  trained  for  use  in  the  trenches.  At  least 
one  noncommissioned  officer  and  four  men  per  troop  should  be  ex- 
pert bombers. 

2.  The  responsibility  for  giving  all  men  an  elementary  but  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  the  use  of  hand  and  rifle  grenades  rests  with  bat- 
talion and  company  commanders.     If  possible,  one  officer  per  com- 
pany should  be  specially  trained  in  bombing  work,  and  there  should 
be  one  noncommissioned  officer  per  company  selected  to  assist  in 
training  and  also  to  supervise  the  supply  and  storage  of  the  grenades 
in  charge  of  the  company, 

(7) 


8 

In  each  battalion  there  should  be  a  specially  selected  subaltern 
officer  who  will  command  the  battalion  bombing  platoon,  if  there 
is  one,  assist  company  commanders  as  required,  and  supervise  the 
supply  and  storage  of  grenades. 

As  a  general  principle,  the  responsibility  for  giving  to  a  proportion 
of  men  the  advanced  training  necessary  for  expert  bombers  should 
rest  with  battalion  ami  .ccaioun/  commanders.  In  practice,  it  is 
not  always  possible  for  battalions  Bunder  active  service  conditions 
to  find  the  time  <»r  obtain  ll:e  necessary  facilities.  It  is,  therefore, 
usually  advisable  to  form  brigade  or  divisional  schools  to  train 
instructors  for  battalions,  and  to  hold  courses  for  the  training  of 
expert  bombers  for  battalions  when  no  facilities  exist  for  their  train- 
ing in  the  battalions  themselves. 

ORGANIZATION. 

3.  Each  platoon  in  a  battalion  should  have  a  specially  trained 
bombing  squad  of  one  noncommissioned  officer  and  eight  men,  and 
should  train  sufficient  reserves  to  replace  casualties  and  maintain 
the  squad  at  full  strength.  The  four  platoon  squads  in  a  company 
form  the  company  bombers,  and  must  be  trained  to  work  together. 
In  the  trenches  the  company  bombers  are  disposed  of  by  the  com- 
pany commander  as  required,  according  to  the  scheme  of  defense 
laid  down  by  the  battalion  commander.  Squads  should,  however, 
remain  with  their  own  platoons  as  far  as  possible. 

In  addition,  if  desired  and  approved  by  the  divisional  commander, 
a  separate  battalion  bombing  platoon  under  the  battalion  bombing 
officer,  consisting  or  not  more  than  four  bombing  squads,  may  be 
formed  and  administered  as  a  separate  unit.  If  this  organization 
is  adopted,  it  should  be  universal  throughout  the  division. 

For  purposes  of  training  in  the  actual  technique  of  bombing, 
company  squads  may  be  grouped  together  under  the  battalion 
bombing  officer  when  the  battalion  is  in  rest  billets,  but  they  must 
train  with  their  companies  when  company  training  for  attack  and 
defense  schemes  is  in  progress.  For  any  particular  operation,  e.g., 
a  raid  or  general  attack,  when  a  special  organization  of  bombers 
becomes  necessary,  a  proportion  of  the  company  bombers  may  be 
withdrawn  and  specially  trained  under  the  battalion  bombing 
officer  for  employment  in  the  impending  operation.  The  normal 
organization  should  be  resumed  when  the  operation  is  over. 

Men  employed  as  bombers  must  not  be  allowed  to  lose  their 
efficiency  in  the  use  of  the  rifle  and  bayonet,  or  in  the  ordinary  duties 
of  the  infantry  soldier. 


9 

4.  Squads  of  one  noncommissioned  officer  and  eight  men  will 
normally  comprise  two  bayonet  men,  two  throwers,  two  carriers 
(reserve  throwers),  one  rifle  bomber,  one  spare  man  (sniper  or  rifle 
bomber) ,  and  the  leader  (noncommissioned  officer) .     The  squad  may 
be  subdivided  into  two  groups  if  necessary. 

Every  member  of  the  squad  should  be  thoroughly  trained  in  the 
duties  of  every  position,  so  that  he  can  take  Liny  place  in  the  squad. 
If  this  is  done  the  composition  of  the  squad  can  be  varied  to  suit 
circumstances. 

5.  Each  brigade  has  a  bombing  officer,  who  supervises  the  training 
of  bombers  in  a  brigade,  holds  periodical  grenade  exercises  of  a  more 
advanced  nature,  and  generally  assists  battalions.     His  chief  duty 
in  action  is  to  insure  a  supply  of  grenades  to  battalions.     He  is 
assisted  by  a  sergeant,  who  should  be  a  thoroughly  experienced 
bomber. 

He  should  superintend  the  supply  and  care  of  grenades  throughout 
the  brigade,  and  should  frequently  visit  battalions  in  the  trenches- 
to  inspect  grenade  stores  and  bombing  posts. 

He  is  responsible,  under  the  brigadier,  for  carrying  out  the  stand- 
ard tests  (see  Appendix  I),  and  for  the  award  of  badges  to  bombers 
in  the  brigade. 

TRAINING. 

6.  The  object  of  elementary  grenade  training  (which  every  Infan- 
try soldier  should  receive)  is: 

1.  To  give  the  individual  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  working  of 
the  grenades  in  use. 

2.  To  teach  him  how  to  throw  them. 

3.  To  make  him  acquainted  with  the  general  principles  of  the 
organization  and  the  execution  of  a  grenade  attack,  either  as  a  sepa- 
rate operation  or  as  part  of  a  general  attack. 

A  fair  standard  of  accurate  throwing  with  dummies  and  a  working 
knowledge  of  the  mechanism  of  the  Mills  grenade  must  be  acquired 
before  a  man  is  allowed  to  handle  a  live  one. 

The  action  in  throwing  is  that  of  overhand  bowling.  In  the  case 
of  a  right-handed  thrower  the  body  is  turned  half  right,  the  right 
hand  drawn  back  and  below  the  waist,  arm  straight.  The  left  arm 
is  carried  forward,  arm  straight.  The  left  foot  is  advanced,  the 
weight  of  the  body  being  on  the  right  foot,  body  bent  back,  eyes 
fixed  on  the  mark  (see  pi.  1).  The  grenade  is  hurled  with  a  circular 
swing  of  the  right  arm  over  the  right  shoulder,  at  the  same  time  the 
weight  of  the  body  is  thrown  forward  onto  the  left  foot,  every  muscle 


10 

being  brought  into  play  to  propel  the  grenade  (see  pi.  IA).  Expert 
bombers  usually  impart  a  spin  to  the  grenade;  the  grenade  should 
leave  the  hand  at  the  highest  point  of  the  swing  and  should  be  thrown 
well  into  the  air.  For  short  distances  it  can  be  lobbed  from  the 
.shoulder  by  an  action  similar  to  that  employed  in  "putting  the 
weight."  A  grenade  may  also  have  to  be  thrown  with  a  bent  arm 
from  positions  in  a  deep  trench  where  a  full  swing  is  not  possible, 
and  this  should  be  practiced. 

Men  should  be  taught  that  if  a  grenade  with  a  time  fuze  like  the 
Mills  is  dropped  in  the  act  of  throwing  there  is  ample  time  to  pick 
it  up  and  throw  it  out  of  the  trench  before  it  explodes,  and  that  they 
must  do  this  immediately.1 

Men  must  be  taught  to  throw  from  a  standing,  kneeling,  and  prone 
position,  though  the  latter  position  will  seldom  be  used . 

Distance  is  important  in  grenade  throwing,  but  accuracy  is  essen- 
tial. Bad  direction  results  in  waste  of  grenades  and  gives  confidence 
to  the  enemy.  Men  must  be  taught  to  throw  at  a  definite  mark  at  a 
known  distance  even  in  the  stages  of  preliminary  throwing  practice 
in  the  open.  They  must  be  taught  to  keep  their  eyes  on  the  target 
while  withdrawing  the  safety  pin. 

Men  must  be  trained  so  that  the  removal  of  the  safety  pin  before 
throwing  becomes  instinctive  and  automatic.2  Practice,  by  num- 
bers, is  of  value  in  the  initial  stages  of  training. 

A  suggested  syllabus  for  an  elementary  course  and  some  notes  on 
training  and  physical  exercises  for  bombers  are  given  in  Appendix  I. 

Every  infantry  soldier  should  at  the  conclusion  of  his  recruit 
training — 

1.  Have  a  sound  practical  knowledge  of  the  mechanism  of  the 
Mills  grenade  and  of  its  use  as  a  rifle  grenade. 

2.  Be  able  to  throw  a  Mills  grenade  from  behind  cover  to  at  least 
30  yards  with  a  good  degree  of  accuracy. 

3.  Understand  the  principles  on  which  a  bombing  attack  down  a 
trench  is  made  and  supported,  and  have  taken  part  in  several  such 
•exercises. 

4.  Have  thrown  a  live  Mills  grenade  in  practice. 

1  In  throwing  a  percussion  grenade  from  a  trench  care  must  be  taken  not  to  strike 
it  against  the  back  of  the  trench  or  this  may  cause  it  to  explode. 

2  Even  when  throwing  dummies  men  must  be  taught  always  to  go  through  the 
motion  of  withdrawing  the  pin  before  throwing. 


11 

7.  The  object  of  the  advanced  course  of  training  which  the  bombers 
<of  company  squads  and  the  battalion  platoon  should  undergo  are- 

(a)  To  improve  accuracy  and  distance  of  throwing. 

(6)  To  increase  knowledge  of  the  various  types  of  grenades  and 
how  to  handle  them;  this  should  include  the  use  of  rifle  grenades 
.and  the  various  types  of  catapult  and  mechanical  thrower,  also  the 
care  and  storage  of  grenades.  It  is  essential  that  bombers  should  be 
instructed  in  the  use  of  German  grenades. 

(c)  The  train  bombing  squads  to  work  together  on  a  regular  sys- 
tem of  grenade  drill,  each  man  having  his  definite  position  and  duty 
in  the  various  phases  of  attack  and  defense.    The  combined  action 
•of  hand  and, rifle  bombers  must  be  carefully  studied  and  practiced. 

(d)  The  train  parties  consisting  of  several  squads  to  work  together 
with  the  remainder  of  the  company,  in  various  schemes  of  attack 
.and  defense,  both  by  day  and  night. 

The  use  of  Pippin  grenades,  smoke  candles,  rockets  and  flares 
may  also  form  part  of  the  advanced  course  of  training. 

The  following  are  the  principal  points  requiring  attention: 

(a)  Physical  fitness  is  essential.  Bombers  should  be  exercised 
daily  in  running,  marching,  physical  drill,  etc.,  to  keep  them  fit 
and  supple.1 

(6)  Throwing  practice  should  be  carried  out  daily,  but  should 
not  be  overdone. 

(c)  Attack  practices  against  a  fire  trench  should  be  carried  out 
above  ground  and  while  on  the  move,  also  in  extending  laterally  to 
either  flank  from  a  section  of  captured  trench  by  bombing  over  the 
traverses  and  down  communication  trenches. 

(d)  Defense  practice  should  be  carried  out  from  a  trench  against 
another  trench.     The  method  of  repelling  a  bomb  attack  down  a 
trench  should  be  practiced,  as  also  the  methods  of  blocking  a  trench 
against  a  bombing  attack. 

(e)  After  the  initial  stages  it  is  essential  that  men  should  be  trained 
in  throwing  under  service  conditions  as  regards  equipment,  steel 
helmets,  carriers,  etc.    Throwing  in  gas  helmets  or  with  box  respi- 
rators must  be  practiced . 

(/)  Continual  attention  must  be  paid  to  accuracy  of  range,  which 
is  just  as  important  as  accuracy  of  direction. 

(g)  Various  types  of  trenches  should  be  provided  to  enable  prac- 
tices to  be  properly  carried  out,  e.  g.,  traversed  fire  trenches,  zigzag 
communication  trenches  with  island  traverses,  etc. 

1  Some  physical  exercises  for  bombers  are  given  in  Appendix  I. 


12 

(h)  Practice  with  live  graneades  at  night  is  necessary. 

(i)  Training  in  the  use  of  the  Mills  rifle  grenade  (No.  23)  is  of  the- 
greatest  importance. 

8.  The  duties  of  the  various  men  in  a  bombing  squad  of  1  non- 
commissioned officer  and  8  men  are  as  follows: 

Nos.  1  and  2,  bayonet  men. — These  should  be  specially  picked  for 
pluck  and  alertness;  they  should  be  good  snap  shots  and  handy  with 
the  bayonet.  Their  duties  in  action  are  to  attack  the  enemy  with 
the  bayonet  and  clear  the  way  for  further  progress;  and  also  to  pro- 
tect the  men  behind  them  by  rifle  fire,  if  necessary. 

In  trench  clearing  they  will  be  ahead  of  the  throwers  and  work 
round  each  traverse  in  turn.  It  lies  principally  with  the  bayonet 
men  to  prevent  the  fighting  becoming  a  mere  grenade  duel.  Once 
the  enemy  is  on  the  run,  the  bayonet  men  must  give  him  no  oppor- 
tunity to  halt  and  to  commence  throwing  grenades. 

Nos.  3  and  4,  grenade  throwers. — These  should  be  chosen  for  their 
coolness  under  fire  and  must  be  men  who  can  be  trusted  not  to  get 
flurried  or  lose  their  heads.  They  should  be  picked  men,  thoroughly 
trained  in  accurate  throwing,  and  having  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
grenades.  These  men  should  be  as  lightly  equipped  as  possible. 
They  will  require  both  hands  to  manipulate  the  grenade  effectively. 

No.  5,  noncommissioned  officer  or  leader. — He  is  in  charge  of  the 
whole  squad,  and  is  responsible  for  controlling  the  fire,  preventing 
indiscriminate  throwing,  and  regulating  the  advance  of  the  party. 
He  will  signal  the  progress  of  his  party  down  a  trench  by  flags  or 
some  form  of  flare  signal.1  In  action  he  will  place  himself  where  he 
can  best  observe  the  throwing  and  control  the  squad.  In  trench 
clearing  he  should  usually  be  behind  the  first  carrier.  A  periscope 
is  useful,  if  available. 

He  will  personally  inspect  each  man  of  his  party  before  they  start 
off  on  the  task  allotted  to  them.  He  will  examine  the  arms  of  Nos. 
1  and  2,  and  insure  that  magazines  are  charged,  that  there  is  one 
round  in  the  chamber,  and  that  the  bayonet  is  correctly  fixed.  He 
will  see  that  Nos.  3  and  4  are  correctly  equipped,  and  that  Nos.  6, 
7,  8,  and  9  each  have  their  full  complement  of  grenades  in  the  car- 
riers, and  that  each  grenade  is  correctly  fuzed.  He  will  make  one 
man  of  the  squad  responsible  for  observation  to  the  flanks  and  for 
giving  immediate  warning  of  counter  attack  from  the  flanks,  unless 
arrangements  have  been  made  for  their  protection  by  parties  in  rear. 

1  A  flare  signal  is  to  be  preferred  if  distinctive  and  easily  seen.  There  is  a  risk  that 
flags  may  be  left  behind  or  captured  by  the  enemy,  and  become  misleading. 


13 

All  the  men  should  know  who  will  take  No.  5's  place  if  he  becomes  a 
casualty. 

Nos.  6  and  7,  the  carrier's  (reserve  throwers). — They  will  keep  a  watch 
on  their  respective  throwers,  and  insure  that  they  always  have  a 
grenade  handy  when  required.  They  must  be  particularly  careful 
not  to  follow  too  close  on  the  thrower  lest  they  should  embarrass  him 
in  the  act  of  throwing.  They  must  be  thoroughly  trained  in  the 
duties  of  the  throwers,  and  be  ready  to  take  their  place  in  case  of 
casulaties. 

Nos.  8  and  9,  rifle  bombers. — Their  duties  are  to  outrange  hostile 
bombers  when  there  is  any  danger  of  the  attack  being  checked  and 
thus,  when  necessary,  to  cover  the  advance  of  the  squad.  They 
can  also  cover  the  flanks  of  the  squad,  when  required. 

The  reserve  bayonet  man,  if  only  one  bayonet  man  is  used  in 
advance  of  the  party,  may  act  as  sniper.  The  duties  of  the  sniper 
.are  to  keep  down  the  heads  of  the  hostile  bombing  party,  to  break 
their  periscopes  and  thus  prevent  them  from  observing  their  fire, 
and  to  protect  his  own  squad  from  hostile  snipers. 

9.  The  following  is  an  example  of  the  method  in  which  a  grenade 
squad,  organized  as  in  paragraph  4,  should  be  trained  to  work  down 
a  trench.  (See  fig.  1.) 

On  arriving  at  traverse  2  the  bayonet  men  should  place  themselves 
in  positions  Bl,  B2,  the  first  thrower  at  Tl,  behind  the  traverse,  the 
first  carrier  immediately  behind  him  at  Cl.  The  noncommissioned 
officer  or  leader  at  L  in  such  a  position  that  he  can  observe  the  fire 
and  direct  the  squad.  The  leading  rifle  bomber  should  normally 
follow  next  behind  the  leader,  who  can  then  control  both  thrower 
and  rifle  bomber.  The  second  thrower  and  carrier  will  follow  next, 
with  the  second  rifle  bomber  at  the  rear  of  the  squad. 

Crowding  must  be  avoided,  and  if  possible  each  man  should  be  at 
a  corner,  round  which  he  can  move  to  avoid  a  hostile  grenade. 

In  support,  further  along  the  trench  will  be  the  blocking  parties, 
riflemen,  Lewis  gun  detachments,  etc. 

As  soon  as  the  bayonet  men  are  checked,  the  leader  will  direct  the 
iirst  thrower  to  open  fire.  No.  1  thrower  throws  grenades  as  quickly 
as  possible  into  the  section  of  the  trench  held  by  the  enemy. 

On  receiving  the  order  "Report"  from  the  leader,  the  leading 
bayonet  man  moves  forward  to  see  into  the  next  bay  and  the  trench 
behind  the  next  traverse.  If  they  are  clear  he  passes  back  word  and 
the  whole  party  advances  and  take  up  positions  at  traverse  3  similar 
to  those  taken  up  at  traverse  2.  In  this  way  the  party  work  down 
the  trench. 


14 

On  reaching  a  branch  or  communication  trench,  or  deep  dugout, 
the  leading  bayonet  man  reports  to  the  leader  who  decides  on  the 
action  to  be  taken. 

(NOTE. — Every  number  in  the  squad  should  carry  a  proportion  of 
smoke  bombs  for  dealing  with  deep  dugouts.) 

The  enemy  once  on  the  move  should  not  be  given  time  by  the 
bayonet  men  to  make  a  fresh  stand.  The  bayonet  men  should  always 
attempt  to  close  with  the  enemy.  A  rapid  and  continuous  advance 
is  most  likely  to  prove  successful,  and  grenade  throwing  should  only 
be  resorted  to  when  the  bayonet  men  are  held  up. 

In  the  event  of  a  communication  trench  being  encountered,  as  in 
the  plan  given,  another  squad  would  be  brought  forward  to  work 
down  it,  the  first  squad  proceeding  along  the  main  trench  until  the 
objective  is  reached.  If  no  provision  has  been  made  for  a  second 
squad — the  communication  trench  not  being  anticipated — the  leader 
at  once  sends  the  second  bayonet  man,  thrower,  and  carrier,  to  work 
down  the  trench  in  question,  accompanied  by  a  blocking  party  and 
riflemen  if  considered  necessary. 

Should  an  island  traverse  be  encountered,  the  leading  bayonet 
men  must  watch  both  sides  of  it  whilst  the  grenadiers  are  throwing, 
grenades. 


K,.       L.       C,. 


10.  A  suggested  syllabus  for  an  advanced  course,  and  the  tests 
which  a  man  should  be  required  to  pass  at  its  conclusion,  are  given 
in  Appendix  I. 

Once  men  have  been  thoroughly  trained  in  the  groundwork  of 
bombing,  as  much  time  as  possible  must  be  given  to  combined 
schemes  with  the  remainder  of  the  company,  and  the  following 
in  particular  must  be  studied  and  practiced : 

(a)  The  cooperation  of  Lewis  guns  and  Stokes  mortars  with 
bombers,  either  in  a  bombing  attack  down  trenches  or  against  a 
hostile  machine  gun  which  is  holding  up  an  advance. 

(6)  The  organization  and  action  of  bombers  and  the  men  sup- 
porting them  in  an  attack  on  trenches  with  deep  dugouts,  so  that, 
immediately  on  entry  into  the  hostile  trench,  men  may  be  posted 
at  all  entrances  to  dugouts  to  prevent  the  enemy  issuing. 


15 


16 

(c)  The  rapid  formation  of  a  bombing  party  in  an  emergency, 
•either  in  attack  or  defense,  from  the  first  men  available. 

(d)  The  use  of  smoke  in  the  attack,  either  from  4"  Stokes  mortars, 
P  grenades,   smoke    candles,  or  rifle   grenades.     Smoke    can   fre- 
quently be  used  most  effectively  by  bombing  parties  in  an  attack 
on  a  hostile  machine  gun  or  strong  point,  or  in  village  fighting,  or 
to  screen  the  retirement  of  a  raiding  party. 

PRECAUTIONS  AGAINST   ACCIDENTS  DURING  INSTRUC- 
TION. 

11.  The  following  precautions  against-  accidents  "will  be  taken 
at  lectures  on  grenades  and  during  practice.  Some  of  them  are 
applicable  at  all  times.  These  are  marked  by  an  *: 

(1)  No  detonators  or  grenades  with  charges  in  them  will  be  used 
unless  a  qualified  officer  or  warrant  officer  instructor  is  present. 

(2)  At  lectures  only  dummy  grenades    (that  is,  grenades  with- 
out an  explosive  charge  in  them)  and  dummy  detonators  (that  is, 
models  in  wood  or  metal  to  represent  detonators,   or. empty  de- 
tonators) will  be  used.1 

(3)  Dummy  grenades  and  dummy  detonators  will  be  specially 
marked.2 

(4)  A  dummy  grenade  will  not  be  reloaded  to  serve  as  a  filled  one; 
its  use  as  a  dummy  may  have  worn  out  or  injured  some  part  of  it 
.and  may  thus  occasion  a  premature. 

(5)  Before  commencing  a  lecture,  or  a  practice  in  which  dummy 
grenades  are  to  be  thrown,  the  instructor  will  examine  the  material 

1  It  is  advisable  that  demonstrations  with  filled  grenades  should  not  take  place 
inside  a  building. 

2  Dummy  detonator  holders  containing  dummy  detonators  are  supplied  for  No.  3 
and  No.  20  rifle  grenades.    They  are  distinguishable  from  live  detonator  holders 
by  not  being  closed  at  the  bottom. 

Dummy  detonators  are  at  present  issued  empty  and  must  be  tested  by  inserting 
a  splinter  of  wood,  wire,  etc.  They  will  shortly  be  issued  with  a  hole  in  the  end 
about  one-third  of  the  diameter  of  the  detonator,  so  that  daylight  can  be  seen  through 
them.  It  should  be  noted  that  live  detonators  have  four  tiny  holes  in  the  end. 

Dummy  igniter  sets  are  supplied  for  No.  5  Mills  grenade.  They  are  distinguishable 
from  the  live  sets  by  a  hole,  about  one-third  of  the  diameter  of  the  detonator  in  diam- 
eter, at  the  end  of  the  detonator,  and  also  by  the  cap  having  no  central  hole. 

If  no  service  dummy  detonators  are  available,  models  in  wood  or  tin  should  be 
made  and  used;  unloading  live  detonators  is  a  delicate  operation,  wastes  fulminate, 
and  should  not  be  permitted. 

Dummy  grenades  are  supplied  to  represent  No.  3,  No.  5,  and  No.  20  grenades. 
'They  are  painted  white. 

For  numbers  issuable  to  units  and  schools  in  France  see  G.  R.  O.  1473  and  1640. 


17 

very  carefully  in  order  to  insure  that  there  are  no  detonators  or  filled 
grenades  (that  is,  grenades  charged  with  explosive)  included  in  it. 

(6)*  Men  will  be  warned  that  live  detonators,  filled  grenades, 
and  especially  filled  grenades  with  live  detonators  in  them  (usually 
known  as  fused  grenades)  must  be  handled  with  care.  The  fol- 
lowing rules  should  be  impressed  on  all : 

(a)  Do  not  seize  a  detonator;  hold  it  between  forefinger  and 
thumb.  v 

(6)  Do  not  drop,  tread  on,  hit,  or  attempt  to  bend  a  detonator,  or 
treat  one  roughly. 

(c)  Do  not  force  a  detonator  into  a  grenade  or  holder.     If  it  does 
not  fit  easily,  another  detonator  must  be  used,  and  the  defective 
one  (it  may  be  a  wrong  one,  see  pi.  F,  which  gives  various  types) 
placed  in  a  special  box,  and  reported  to  an  officer,  who  will  subse- 
quently arrange  for  it  to  be  thrown  into  deep  water  or  destroyed. 

(d)  Do  not  force  a  safety  fuse  into  a  detonator  when  making  a 
connection,  but  work  it  in  gently  for  three-quarters  of  an  inch,  which 
is  as  far  as  it  can  go. 

(e)  Do  not  attempt  to  pull  a  detonator  off  the  safety  fuse  once  it 
is  crimped  on ;  the  only  safe  way  is  to  cut  the  fuse  above  the  crimp- 
ing if  it  is  necessary  to  remove  the  detonator. 

(/)  Do  not  leave  a  detonator  lying  about;  a  comrade  may  step 
on  it  and  be  injured. 

(g)  Do  not  hold  a  friction  fuse  lighter  by  the  thick  end,  as  you 
may  set  it  off. 

(7)  At  instruction  a  reliable  man  should  be  placed  in  charge  of 
the  detonators  and  kept  apart  from  the  rest  of  the  party;  he  should 
issue  detonators  only  on  the  order  of  an  officer. 

(8)  At  practice  in  inserting  live  detonators  only  one  detonator 
should  be  used  for  each  party  and  the  men  should  come  up  singly, 
the  others  keeping  at  a  safe  distance  or  behind  a  traverse. 

(9)  A  detonator  or  igniter  will  not  be  inserted  in  a  grenade  except 
on  the  practice  ground  and  then  immediately  before  the  grenade  is 
to  be  thrown,  or  for  instructional  purposes,  as  in  8  above. 

(10)*  The  fusing  of  grenades  by  the  insertion  of  the  detonator 
(detonator  holder)  or  igniter  will  not  be  carried  out  in  proximity  to 
a  stack  of  grenades  or  boxes  of  grenades.  There  should  be  a  definite 
place  chosen,  e.  g.,  a  hole  in  the  ground  with  a  tub  of  water  in  it, 
into  which  a  grenade  can  be  quickly  thrown  if  ignition  takes  place, 
and  cover  should  be  close  at  hand  for  the  men. 

97777°— 17 2 


18 


(11)  At  all  practices  with  fused  grenades  the  instructors  and  the 
classes  will  wear  steel  helmets. 

(12)  During  individual  practice  with  fused  grenades  not  more 
than  one  instructor  and  the  thrower  (firer  in  the  case  of  rifle  grenades), 
or  in  all  two  persons,  will  be  allowed  in  the  throwing  trench  at  the 
same  time;  the  remainder  of  the  class  will  take  cover  before  the 
grenade  is  thrown.     At  least  one  instructor  will  be  present  with 
these  men  to  insure  that  they  do  not  expose  themselves.1 

Rifle  grenades,  should,  in  elementary  instruction,  be  fired  by  a 
lanyard  through  a  box  loophole  or  pipe  built  in 'a  breastwork  or 
parapet,  the  grenade  being  inserted  from  the  front  after  the  rifle  is 
in  position,  and  not  fired  until  the  two  persons  mentioned  above 
are  behind  the  breastwork  or  parapet. 

(13)  During  practice  with  live  grenades  the  danger  area  must  be 
considered  as  a  circle  with  a  radius  of  200  yards  from  a  point  where 
the  grenade  explodes;  no  one  should  be  allowed  within  the  danger 
area  except  under  suitable  cover. 

i  The  following  is  a  safety  arrangement  which  has  been  found  eifective  for  pre- 
liminary instruction  in  hand  grenade  throwing;  as  soon  as  the  men  are  sufficiently 
skilled  they  should  throw  from  a  trench.  Grenades  are  thrown  from  behind  a  wall 
5  feet  high  at  a  target.  A  wing  5  feet  high  (with  sandbags  on  top  of  the  forward 
portion  to  make  it  7ft.  6  in.)  separates  thrower  and  instructor  from  the  rest  of 
class,  or  the  rest  of  the  class  may  be  behind  a  barricade  further  in  rear. 


\  3 


19 

(14)  Grenades  that  fail  to  explode  should  be  noted  and  the  bomb- 
ing ground  carefully  cleared  up  after  conclusion  of  the  day's  exer- 
cises; on  no  account  should  filled  grenades  be  left  lying  about. 

(15)  A  live  time  fuse  grenade  failing  to  explode  when  thrown  will 
not  be  lifted  until  at  least  one  minute  has  expired,  and  then  only 
after   careful  examination.     A   precussion  grenade  which  fails  to 
explode  will  be  destroyed  without  lifting.     This  can  be  done  by 
firing  a  guncotton  primer  beside  it. 

(16)  Should  a  fused  grenade  not  be  thrown,  the  detonator,  or 
igniter  in  case  of  No.  5  (Mills)  grenades,  will  be  removed  from  it 
as  soon  as  possible  and  in  any  case  before  it  is  returned  to  store ;  on 
no  account  will  such  an  operation  be  carried  out  in  any  grenade  store. 
It  must  be  done  on  the  ground  under  proper  precautions  for  safety. 

(17)  The  safety  fuse  used  in  the  igniters  of  No.  5  (Mills)  grenades 
will  be  examined  occasionally  to  see  that  it  is  not  cracked  at  the 
bend,  as  this  is  likely  to  cause  erratic  burning.     This  applies  to  the 
igniters  in  store  as  well  as  to  grenades  when  being  fused  in  the  first 
instance. 

(18)  All  the  special  precautions  given  in  the  descriptions  of  the 
different  types  of  grenades  in  Appendix  III  will  invariably  be 
observed. 

(19)  All  inspection  should  be  carried  out  in  a  good  light. 

EMPLOYMENT    OF    BOMBERS    IN    THE    ATTACK. 

12.  Bombers  may  be  employed  in — 

(a)  Local  enterprises  or  raids,  designed  to  inflict  loss  on  the  enemy 
but  with  no  intention  of  making  any  advance  or  holding  a  captured 
trench. 

(6)  Local  attacks  made  by  bombers  and  supported  by  other  in- 
fantry, with  the  intention  of  capturing  and  holding  some  length  of 
trench  or  position. 

(c)  General  attacks  on  a  large  scale,  in  which  bombers  are  allotted 
special  roles  in  conjunction  with  the  main  infantry  attack. 

The  organization  of  parties  and  arrangements  made  will  naturally 
differ  somewhat  in  each  of  above  cases,  but  the  principles  remain  the 
same  and  success  will  depend  on — 

(a)  Careful  preliminary  reconnaissance  and  preparation. 

(6)  Every  party  being  given  a  definite  task  and  organized  accord- 
ingly; every  man  in  each  party  knowing  his  task  and  being  trained 
for  it;  and  sufficient  trained  men  being  in  reserve  to  replace  casualties. 

(c)  Accurate  and  disciplined  throwing. 

(d)  Arrangements  for  keeping  up  a  sufficient  supply  of  grenades. 


20 

Generally  speaking,  in  the  attack,  bombing  is  of  vahie  for  clearing 
small  lengths  of  trench  and  for  close  fighting  after  a  trench  has  been 
rushed ;  but  experience  has  shown  that  on  great  or  rapid  progress  can 
be  made  by  bombing,  and  an  assault  across  the  open  after  adequate 
preparation  will  usually  be  a  quicker  and  in  the  long  run  less  costly 
operation  than  bombing  attacks  on  a  large  scale. 

ORGANIZATION  AND  EXECUTION  OF  A  BOMBING 
ATTACK. 

13.  When  preparing  a  grenade  attack  a  definite  objective  must 
be  selected.  An  air  photograph  of  the  position  must  be  carefully 
studied,  and  the  best  line  or  lines  of  attack  be  chosen.  All  side 
trenches  must  be  carefully  noted  and  definite  orders  given  whether 
they  are  to  be — 

(cr)  Picketed  by  bombers  and  bayonet  men  as  a  temporary  measure. 

(6)  Permanently  blocked,  in  which  case  a  working  party,  as  well  as 
the  bombers  and  bayonet  men,  must  be  detailed  beforehand. 

(c)  Used  for  a  secondary  attack,  in  which  case  a  properly  organized 
column  must  be  detailed. 

A  separate  party  must  be  detailed  beforehand  for  every  side  trench, 
If  the  air  photograph  is  not  sufficiently  clear,  and  side  parties  can  not 
be  told  off  for  particular  trenches,  the  parties  should  be  numbered 
(No.  1  side  party,  No.  2  side  party)  and  used  as  occasion  requires. 

Arrangements  for  dealing  with  dugouts  must  also  be  made.  P. 
grenades  are  most  effective  against  deep  dugouts :  and  a  supply  should 
always  be  carried  by  the  leading  bombers.  Parties  placed  in  close 
support  should  be  detailed  for  the  systematic  clearing  of  a  system  of 
dugouts. 

The  protection  of  the  flanks  of  a  bombing  attack  by  the  fire  of 
machine  guns,  Lewis  guns,  or  snipers  against  a  hostile  counter  attack 
^across  the  open  must  always  be  arranged .  Lewis  guns  can  frequently 
accompany  the  bombing  party.  They  may  be  able  to  enfilade  some 
portion  of  a  hostile  trench;  they  can  always  assist  in  keeping  down 
hostile  rifle  fire;  and  they  will  be  available  to  defend  the  captured 
trenches  or  any  block  that  may  be  made  when  the  operations  have 
come  to  an  end. 

Whenever  possible  Stokes  mortars  should  be  used  to  assist  bombers. 
They  should  be  so  placed  that  they  can  bring  a  heavy,  concentrated,, 
and  continuous  fire  on  a  point  previously  fixed  in  the  enemy's  trench, 

i  They  usually  set  fire  to  and  destroy  the  dugout,  and  should  therefore  not  be- used 
indiscriminately  in  captured  trenches  which  it  is  proposed  to  hold,  as  our  men  willi 
thus  be  deprived  of  the  shelter  of  the  dugouts  in  a  subsequent  hostile  bombardment. 


21 

about  50  yards  beyond  the  length  to  be  secured  by  the  bombers.  The 
position  of  the  mortars  may  either  be  in  the  trench  down  which  the 
bombing  raid  is  made,  so  as  to  give  enfilade  fire,  or  in  trenches 
opposite  the  objective.  A  combination  of  frontal  and  enfilade  fire 
should  be  employed  whenever  possible. 

The  following  points  should  be  attended  to  by  Stokes  mortar 
officers: 

1.  The  target  should  be  carefully  registered  before  the  operation 
commences. 

2.  Fire  should  be  opened  at  the  moment  of  attack,  and  continued 
until  the  piece  of  trench  gained  is  consolidated. 

3.  A  plentiful  supply  of  ammunition  should  be  at  the  mortars 
before  the  attack  is  undertaken. 

The  Stokes  mortar  can  also  be  used  to  fire  ahead  of  bombers  as 
they  proceed  down  the  trench,  but  this  method  should  only  be  em- 
ployed when  observation  is  so  favorable  that  the  Stokes  mortar 
officer  can  make  certain  that  he  can  follow  the  movements  of  the 
bombers  down  the  trench.  Rifle  bombers,  using  the  Mills  rifle 
grenade  (No.  23)  are  more  suited  for  close  support  in  this  way,  as 
their  fire  can  be  directly  controlled  by  the  leader  of  the  bombing 
squad. 

When  the  operation  consists  of  a  raid  into  enemy's  trenches,  to 
return  when  the  object  is  accomplished,  arrangements  for  bringing 
back  wounded  should  be  made.  If  it  is  intended  to  gain  ground 
and  hold  it,  preparations  for  consolidating  the  position  must  be 
made  beforehand,  troops  must  be  detailed  to  hold  definite  sections  of 
it,  and  the  necessary  tools  and  sandbags  must  be  taken  up  by  them. 
Arrangements  must  also  be  made  for  establishing  grenade  stores  in 
the  captured  trenches. 

The  various  accessories  required,  such  as  periscopes,  flags,  or 
flares  to  signal  progress,  electric  torches  for  dugouts,  etc.,  must  be 
provided. 

The  supply  of  grenades  is  dealt  with  in  section  18. 

14.  The  method  of  attack  by  a  small  bombing  squad  working 
down  a  trench  has  already  been  described  (sec.  9). 

For  operations  on  a  larger  scale  along  a  line  of  trenches  in  which 
we  have  already  established  ourselves,  or  to  drive  the  enemy  out  of 
a  large  section  of  our  trenches  which  he  has  captured,1  the  attacking 
party  should  be  organized  into  point,  support,  side  parties  (for 
dealing  with  side  trenches),  main  body. 

1  See,  however,  end  of  sec.  12. 


22 

The  composition  of  these  parties  will  vary  according  to  circum- 
stances Their  duties  are  as  follows: 

The  point  is  the  party  which  makes  the  actual  attack.  It  will 
usually  consist  of  one  complete  bombing  squad,  organized  as  in 
section  4.  The  attack  is  carried  out  in  a  series  of  rushes  from  one 
traverse  to  another,  the  bayonet  men  leading.  Immediately  before 
each  rush  the  throwers  throw  grenades  into  the  trench  to  clear  it  for 
as  great  a  distance  as  possible.  Wherever  there  is  room  the  throwers, 
whether  two  or  three  in  number,  should  throw  simultaneously  and 
divide  the  distance  between  them.  One  should  be  responsible  for 
the  short  throws,  and  one  (the  best  thrower)  should  always  throw  as 
far  as  he  can.  The  advance  can  also  be  supported  by  the  rifle 
bombers  using  the  Mills  rifle  grenade.  Everything  depends  on  the 
accuracy  of  the  throwing;  grenades  which  burst  outside  the  trench 
are  wasted.  The  attack  must  be  pushed  home  with  vigor,  and  must 
never  be  allowed  to  degenerate  into  a  grenade  duel.  The  enemy 
should  be  kept  on  the  run  and  allowed  no  time  to  make  a  stand. 

The  carriers  are  responsible  for  the  immediate  supply  of  grenades 
to  the  throwers.  Behind  the  carriers  should  come  the  officer  di- 
recting the  attack.  He  should  have  a  periscope  for  observation  pur- 
poses. He  exercises  a  general  control  over  the  throwing  discipline 
and  regulates  the  rate  of  the  advance.  He  also  arranges  the  relief  of 
the  men  of  the  point  from  the  support.  Men  so  relieved  join  the 
main  body,  not  the  support. 

The  duties  of  the  support  (a  complete  squad  from  the  same  com- 
pany as  the  point)  are  to  supply  the  reliefs  for,  or  replace  casualties 
in  the  point,  and  to  clear  dugouts.  They  should  also  be  prepared 
to  get  out  of  the  trench  and  work  round  the  flanks,  taking  what  cover 
they  can  find  in  shell  holes,  etc.,  when  the  point  is  held  up  by  a 
hostile  block  or  for  any  other  cause.  This  method  of  clearing  a 
trench  is  frequently  most  effective.  The  thrower  can  see  what  he 
is  doing,  and  gets  a  much  longer  and  more  accurate  throw  when 
throwing  from  the  open  than  when  throwing  from  the  trench.  The 
movement  of  these  flank  throwers  is  dependent  on  our  own  machine 
guns  or  Lewis  guns  and  snipers  being  able  to  keep  down  those  of  the 
enemy. 

For  clearing  dugouts,  two  Pippin  grenades  should  be  thrown  into 
them.  This  will  usually  have  the  effect  of  driving  the  survivors 
of  the  enemy  up  into  the  open  .  If  no  Pippin  grenades  are  available 
after  two  grenades  have  been  thrown  into  the  dugout,  two  bayonet 
men  should  go  down  with  an  electric  torch.  They  should  be  on  the 


23 

lookout  for  the  enemy  hiding-  in  underground  passages  off  the  en- 
trance to  the  dugout. 

The  support  also  hold  any  side  trench  until  the  arrival  of  the  side 
party  detailed  for  that  trench. 

The  support  is  reenforced  from  the  msin  body,  not  from  the  side 
parties,  which  are  immediately  in  rear  of  it. 

Side  parties  form  distinctive  units  and  will  not  be  used  for  reen- 
forcing.  The  parties  will  be  numbered  and  every  man  should  know 
the  number  of  his  party.  Each  party  usually  consists  of  one  squad. 
The  number  of  parties  detailed  will  depend  on  the  number  of  side 
trenches  to  be  blocked,  but  only  two  parties  should  move  in  front 
of  the  main  body.  Each  side  party  should  understand  whether  it 
is'to  picquet  the  trench  or  to  block  it  permanently,  in  which  latter 
case  a  working  party  with  sandbags  should  join  them  from  the  main 
body. 

An  officer  should  be  in  charge  of  the  side  parties  and  detail  each 
party  to  its  particular  trench.  He  must  also  look  out  for  any  at- 
tempt by  the  enemy  to  counterattack  across  the  open. 

The  main  body  is  responsible  for  keeping  the  support  up  to  its 
full  strength,  and  will  garrison  and  consolidate  all  ground  won.  It 
is  also  responsible  for  organizing  a  chain  of  supply  from  the  advanced 
grenade  depot  to  the  forward  parties  (see  par.  18). 

Some  Lewis  guns  will  usually  accompany  the  main  body.  The 
support  of  machine  guns  and  Stokes  mortars  should  be  arranged  if 
possible. 

EMPLOYMENT  OF  BOMBERS  IN  AN  ATTACK  ON  A  LARGE 
SCALE  ACROSS  THE  OPEN. 

15.  The  chief  duties  of  bombers  in  an  attack  on  a  large  scale  will 
be  to  clear  trenches  over  which  the  assaulting  troops  have  passed,  to 
protect  the  flanks  of  the  attack  when  it  has  reached  and  occupied 
the  enemy  trenches,  to  secure  the  enemy  communication  trenches, 
and  to  form  barricades  so  far  down  them  that  grenades  can  not  be 
thrown  into  the  main  trenches  just  captured. 

Attacks  often  succeed  at  some  points  and  not  at  others,  with  the 
result  that  our  own  and  the  enemy's  infantry  are  in  the  same  trench. 
Bombers  are  invaluable  in  such  cases. 

Bombers  may  also  be  of  great  use  in  street  or  wood  fighting  and  for 
patrol  work  at  night.  The  strong  points  and  underground  defenses 
in  villages,  as  well  as  posts  and  barricades  in  the  streets,  call  for  the 
special  use  of  grenades.  The  combination  of  hand  and  rifle  grenades, 


24 

smoke  bombs,  machine  guns,  and  light  mortars  is  of  the  first  im- 
portance in  village  fighting.  The  consolidation  of  captured  woods 
has  often  proved  a  very  difficult  operation  owing  to  strong  enemy 
detachments  having  been  able  to  conceal  themselves  during  the 
advances  of  our  infantry,  and  subsequently  to  develop  machine-gun 
and  rifle  fire  behind  and  on  the  flanks  of  the  captured  line.  Strong 
clearing  parties,  largely  composed  of  bombers,  must  therefore  be  de- 
tailed to  deal  with  organized  opposition  after  the  assaulting  troops 
have  passed  on. 

Rifle  grenades,  particularly  the  Mills,  are  often  of  great  value  for 
dealing  with  hostile  machine  guns  or  strong  points  which  check  the 
attack. 

Bombing  squads  and  parties  should  therefore  be  detailed  for  the 
following  duties: 

(a)  To  clear  trenches  and  areas  over  which  the  assaulting  troops 
have  passed. 

(6)  A  party  to  deal  with  each  communication  trench  leading 
toward  the  enemy  from  the  line  which  forms  the  final  objective  of 
the  attack. 

(c)  Parties  on  either  flank  of  each  body  to  block  trenches  on  the 
flanks  or  extend  the  ground  won  laterally. 

Of  the  above  the  most  important  duty  is  that  in  (a).  Experience 
of  recent  attacks  has  shown  that  it  is  essential  to  detail  strong  clearing 
parties  in  order  to  prevent  the  issue  of  the  enemy  from  dugouts  or 
other  shelter  in  rear  of  the  assaulting  troops. 

Plans  for  the  actions  of  bombing  squads  should  be  carefully  thought 
out  beforehand  and  should  be  based  on  a  study  both  of  the  ground  and 
of  the  air  maps  of  the  enemy  trenches.  Each  bombing  squad  should 
be  made  to  understand  very  clearly  the  main  objective  of  the  attack 
as  well  as  its  own  immediate  objective,  and  also  how  far  beyond  or  to 
the  flanks  of  such  objective  it  is  to  proceed.  When  possible,  orders 
should  be  given  in  advance  with  regard  to  the  fire  and  communica- 
tion trenches  which  are  to  be  stopped  and  the  points  at  which  this  is 
to  be  done. 

The  position  of  bombing  parties  in  an  attack  must  depend  on  the 
tasks  to  which  they  are  allotted.  The  parties  detailed  to  clear  the 
first  trenches  in  rear  of  the  assaulting  troops  should  follow  close  in  rear 
of  the  leading  line  of  infantry,  while  parties  to  clear  trenches  farther 
forward  should  follow  in  rear  of  the  second  or  succeeding  lines. 
Parties  to  deal  with  communication  trenches  when  the  final  objec- 
tive is  reached  .are  probably  better  placed  with  the  first  line,  as  if 


25 

they  follow  in  rear  it  will  be  harder  to  control  them  and  direct  them 
on  the  required  point. 

In  addition  to  the  special  parties  detailed,  the  bombing  squads  of 
companies  in  the  front  line  should  be  on  the  flanks  of  their  com- 
panies. They  are  then  at  once  available  to  work  outward  should 
the  attack  succeed  at  one  point  and  fail  at  others. 

EQUIPMENT  OF  BOMBERS. 

16.  Bombers  should  be  as  lightly  equipped  as  possible.     In  the 
case  of  grenade  operations  and  raids,  the  men  who  are  actually  to 
throw  grenades  should  not  carry  rifles,  but  may  be  armed  with  revolv- 
ers if  they  have  been  taught  to  use  them,  or  with  a  bayonet  or 
special  stabbing  knife  or  weapon  for  hand-to-hand  fighting,  such  as  an 
ax  or  knobkerrie.     In  a  general  attack  all  men  will  usually  carry 
rifle  and  bayonet.     Bombers  must  therefore  be  taught  to  throw  with 
rifle  slung  over  left  shoulder.     Steel  helmets  should  be  worn  by  all 
men  taking  part  in  grenade  attacks. 

Grenades  are  best  carried  in  a  canvas  bucket  or  haversack  to  hook 
to  belt  (see  Appendix  II). 

BLOCKING  TRENCHES  AGAINST  A  GRENADE  ATTACK. 

17.  All  bombers  must  have  a  knowledge  of  the  best  methods  of 
blocking  a  trench.     In  all  attacks  they  should  be  supported  by  a 
party  of  men  with  sandbags  and  tools,  under  an  experienced  non- 
commissioned officer,  so  that,  while  the  bombers  are  keeping  the 
enemy  at  bay,  a  strong  barricade  can  be  built  as  quickly  as  possible. 

It  is  advisable  to  work  along  the  trench  for  a  distance  of  50  yards 
or  so  farther  than  the  point  to  be  barricaded  in  order  to  drive  the 
enemy  back  out  of  grenade-throwing  distance.  A  second  barricade 
of  a  temporary  nature  should  be  erected  at  this  advanced  point,  and 
constant  fire  kept  up  by  the  bombers,  while  a  working  party  fill  in 
the  trench  between  the  advanced  and  near  barricades  as  rapidly  as 
possible,  placing  wire  in  it  to  hinder  the  enemy  from  digging  it  out. 
It  is  advisable,  as  a  rule,  to  attach  a  small  number  of  engineers  to  the 
party,  with  a  view  to  blowing  down  the  enemy's  trench  by  explo- 
sives. As  soon  as  a  clear  field  of  fire  has  been  established  from  the 
point  to  be  held,  the  bombers  retire  from  the  advanced  barricade. 

In  making  a  permanent  barricade,  provision  must  be  made  for 
dugouts  for  the  bombing  party  and  riflemen.  The  best  form  of  dug- 
out is  one  built  off  the  main  trench  in  a  T  shape.  This  should  be 


26 


protected  from  counter  grenade  attacks  by  wire  netting,  and  a  gre- 
nade depot  should  also  be  built. 

A  "blocking-gate"  device  is  shown  in  plate  A. 

It  is  of  advantage  to  dig  a  sap  leading  toward  the  enemy  from  each 
;side  of  the  trench  which  has  been  blocked,  somewhat  in  the  form 
of  a  "trident."  Grenades  can  thus  be  thrown  into  the  blocked 
French  from  three  points  simultaneously.  (See  fig.  2.)1 


Wire 

X  X  X  X  X  X    XX- 


Fig.  2. 

'The  point  X,  where  the  saps  branch  off,  should  be  out  of  grenade-throwing  distance 
from  Y,  the  rear  block. 

There  are  two  main  types  of  trench  which  it  may  become  neces- 
sary to  block: 

(a)  The  winding  communication  trench,  down  which  it  is  impos- 
sible to  fire. 

(6)  The  straight  trench  with  traverses,  along  which  it  is  possible 
to  fire  when  the  traverses  are  destroyed. 

(«)  To  block  the  winding  trench  effectively,  a  section  of  it  must 
be  absolutely  destroyed.  The  length  filled  in  should  be  sufficient 
to  give  the  defence  ample  time  to  shoot  any  men  attempting  to 
rush  across  the  gap.  An  obstacle  should  be  placed  across  the 
destroyed  portion  and  continued  for  10  yards  or  so  on  either  side. 
There  is  no  object  in  filling  in  the  trench  for  a  greater  distance  than 
it  is  possible  to  throw  a  grenade,  as  it  would  only  be  dug  out  again 

1  A  straight  trench  can  be  used  in  a  similar  way  (see  fig.  7). 


27 


Fig.  3. 


28 

by  the  enemy  up  to  the  point  where  our  grenades  become  effective. 
A  barbed-wire  knife-rest  or  similar  object  placed  in  the  trench 
before  it  is  filled  in  will  considerably  increase  the  difficulty  of  any 
attempt  to  dig  out  the  destroyed  portion.  (See  fig.  3.) 

Should  it  be  possible  to  fill  in  only  a  short  length  of  the  trench 
(15  or  20  yards),  the  bombers  should  not  be  stationed  close  up  to  the 
destroyed  portion,  where  they  would  be  constantly  exposed  to 
grenades.  They  should  be  stationed  sufficiently  far  back  to  be 
safe  from  grenades  thrown  by  men  at  the  enemy's  end  of  the  blocked 
portion.  From  this  position  they  can  occasionally  run  up  and  throw 
grenades  into  the  trench  beyond  the  gap.  Any  attempt  on  the 
part  of  the  enemy  to  dig  out  their  end  of  the  gap  should  be  met  by 
vigorous  and  continuous  grenade  throwing  until  the  digging  ceases. 

In  order  to  guard  against  a  rush  across  the  gap,  sidings  at  right 
angles  to  the  trench  should  be  made.  A  Lewis  gun  is  very  useful 
to  cover  the  gap. 

(&)  In  the  case  of  a  straight  trench  with  traverses  (fig.  4),  the 
traverses  in  a  portion  of  it  should  be  cut  away  and  the  earth  be  used 
to  fill  the  recesses.  A  strongly  built  sandbag  breastwork  is  then 
made  across  the  trench,  with  loopholes  for  observation  and  fire. 
The  trench  behind  the  breastwork  is  roofed  over  to  give  protection 
from  grenades,  with  a  traverse  to  protect  the  men  from  grenades 
which  burst  beyond  them.  To  hinder  any  attempt  of  the  enemy 
to  rush  across  the  cleared  portion  of  the  trench,  loose  strands  of 
wire  should  be  placed  in  it.  A  Lewis  gun,  if  available,  can  be 
mounted  in  the  breastwork.  In  order  to  guard  against  damage  to 
the  breastwork  by  grenades  continually  being  thrown  against  it 
and  bursting  at  the  foot  of  it,  a  catch  pit  c#n  be  dug,  into  which  they 
would  roll  before  bursting. 

Sidings  should  be  made  as  before. 

In  making  a  block  in  a  communication  trench,  care  should  be 
taken  to  level  off  the  earth  on  either  side  of  any  portion  of  the  trench 
held  by  us  within  grenade- throwing  distance  of  the  enemy,  in  order 
that  badly  thrown  grenades  may  not  roll  down  the  slope  into  the 
trench  (see  figs.  5  and  6). 


29 

Fig   4. 


Access 
fif/cd  /f> 


-tiJL 


Parapet  loop- 
holed  for  fire 

Covcrea  tn  tomb  -.orcof. 


Grenade  store 


30 


Kg.  5. 


Usual  form  of  communication  trench. 


Fig.  6. 

*#J*r//W    -, 
Grtrmfks     i 

I 


Trench  with  earth  levelled  off, 


31 

SUPPLY  OF  GRENADES  IN  ATTACK. 

18.  The  supply  of  grenades  is  perhaps  the  most  important  point  in 
the  organization  of  a  grenade  attack.  Unless  a  constant  and  steady 
supply  of  grenades  can  be  kept  up,  the  attack  will  fail. 

A.  SUPPLY  DURING  A  BOMBING  ATTACK. 

In  the  case  of  a  grenade  attack  from  a  line  of  trenches  in  which  we 
are  already  established,  the  principles  on  which  this  supply  must 
be  based  are: 

(a)  Establishment  of  grenade  depots,  which  must  be  kept  filled. 
There  should  be  one  close  to  the  spot  from  which  the  attack  starts, 
one  at  battalion  headquarters,  and  one  near  brigade  headquarters  to 
feed  the  latter. 

(6)  Preparation  of  each  grenade  by  inserting  the  detonator  ready 
for  use  before  it  leaves  brigade  headquarters  and  by  examining  safety 
pins  to  see  that  they  can  easily  be  withdrawn. 

(c)  An  initial  supply  carried  by  the  men  taking  part  in  the  attack. 
Every  man  should  carry  a  supply  of  grenades. 

(d)  Certain  and  rapid  transit  of  grenades  from  the  depots  to  their 
destination  in  order  to  maintain  the  initial  supply.     The  most  satis- 
factory method  is  to  have  a  chain  of  men  at  intervals  from  the  ad- 
vanced depot  to  the  front  of  the  attacking  party,  passing  supplies  up 
from  one  to  another.     Attempts  to  keep  up  the  supply  by  sending 
men  backward  and   forward   along  the  trench  for  fresh  supplies 
usually  breaks  down,  owing  to  the  trench  becoming  blocked  or  to 
the  carrying  parties  being  waylaid  or  lost. 

The  number  of  men  required  to  form  a  chain  at  suitable  intervals 
from  the  advanced  depot  to  the  final  objective  requires  careful  calcu- 
lation. 

The  chain  method  may  fail  or  prove  costly  in  personnel  if  a  hostile 
artillery  barrage  is  formed. 

Another  method  is  to  have  a  definite  unit,  e.  g.,  a  company, 
specially  detailed  to  carry  forward  grenades.  A  unit  so  detailed 
should  employ  whatever  method  is  best  suited  to  the  tactical  situa- 
tion, but  must  begin  its  work  of  bringing  up  supplies  of  grenades 
immediately  the  attack  is  launched. 

(e)  A  recognized  chain  of  responsibility  for  supply.     Os.  C.  com- 
panies should  be  responsible  for  organizing  the  flow  of  bombs  from 
advanced  depots  to  forward  parties,  the  battalion  bombing  officer 
from  the  battalion  depot  to  the  advanced  deopts,  and  the  brigade 


32 

bombing  officer  from  the  brigade  to  battalion  depot.     The  brigade 
depot  is  replenished  from  the  divisional  ammunition  column. 

The  types  of  grenade  carriers  in  use  are  described  in  Appendix  II. 

B.  SUPPLY  DURING  A  GENERAL  ATTACK. 

In  the  case  of  a  general  attack  the  same  principles  should  be  ob- 
served as  far  as  possible,  advanced  depots  being  established  in  the 
captured  trenches  as  early  as  possible,  and  arrangements  made  to 
insure  a  continual  supply  to  meet  requirements.  Carrying  parties 
must  be  detailed  to  take  forward  grenades,  and  the  initial  supply  with 
the  assaulting  lines  should  be  as  large  as  possible.  With  this  object 
each  man  in  the  assaulting  lines  should  carry  two  or  three  grenades. 
It  is  very  necessary  to  insure  by  good  discipline  that  these  grenades 
are  not  wasted  by  indiscriminate  throwing. 

Prior  to  the  delivery  of  the  attack  depots  of  grenades  should  be 
established  along  the  whole  front  system  of  trenches,  and  particu- 
larly along  the  communication  trenches,  in  which  a  number  of 
grenade  stores  should  be  prepared  and  be  clearly  marked  and  their 
position  made  known  to  all  ranks.  The  farther  grenades  have  to  be 
carried  during  an  attack  the  smaller  will  be  the  numbers  which 
actually  reach  the  leading  troops.  Moreover,  communication  with 
the  rear  may  be  cut  off  by  hostile  artillery  fire. 

The  following  initial  distribution  is  suggested : 

(a)  To  squads  detailed  for  bombing  as  many  grenades  as  can  con- 
veniently be  carried.  (Note. — It  is  a  mistake  to  overload  bombers 
and  only  leads  to  waste  of  grenades,  as  men  will  hasten  to  get  rid  of 
part  of  their  load.) 

(6)  Two  Mills  grenades  to  all  other  infantry  soldiers  in  the  bat- 
talions detailed  to  open  the  attack.  It  will  frequently  be  advisable 
to  collect  these  on  reaching  the  objective  in  order  to  form  a  reserve 
for  the  bombing  squads. 

(c)  Battalion  depots  in  the  front  system  of  trenches. 

(d)  A  brigade  depot  farther  in  rear  from  which  the  battalion  depots 
are  replenished. 

Adequate  bomb-proof  cover  must  be  provided  for  these  depots. 

There  should  be  a  reserve  of  carriers  (buckets  or  bags)  at  all  depots. 

All  bodies  of  men  sent  forward  in  support  of  the  attack  should 
carry  grenades.  The  issue  of  these  grenades  should  be  made  from 
the  rearmost  depots  if  possible,  so  as  not  to  deplete  those  farther 
forward ;  arrangements  for  replenishing  the  depots  must  be  worked 
out  beforehand. 


33 

In  the  enemy's  trenches  supplies  of  his  grenades  are  usually  to 
be  found.  Bombers  should  therefore  know  how  to  use  them.  De- 
tails of  the  construction  of  German  grenades  are  given  in 
Appendix  IV. 

The  following  are  most  important  points  in  the  supply  of  grenades 
in  a  general  attack: 

(a)  Every  officer  and  noncommissioned  officer  must  know  the 
position  of  main  grenade  stores. 

(6)  Forward  depots  in  the  captured  trenches  must  be  established 
as  early  as  possible.  When  a  position  is  captured,  a  supply  of 
grenades  should  at  once  be  sent  for,  whether  immediately  required 
or  not.  The  approximate  position  of  forward  depots  should  be 
selected  beforehand,  and  made  known  to  all  ranks. 

(c)  The  system  of  carrying  must  be  organized. 

(d)  Waste  must  be  strictly  prevented,   and  grenades  collected 
from  casualties  when  possible. 

A  summary  of  some  instructions  issued  by  a  brigade  will  be  found 
in  Appendix  V. 

EMPLOYMENT  OF  BOMBERS   IN  THE   DEFENSE. 

19.  The  main  infantry  defense  of  a  line  of  trenches  against  hostile 
infantry  will  be  by  rifle  and  machine  gun  fire.  Parties  of  bombers, 
however,  may  be  distributed  throughout  the  front  system  of  trenches 
for  special  purposes.  Except  in  those  parts  of  the  line  where  the 
enemy's  trenches  are  within  grenade-thfowing  range,  bombing 
parties  need  not  actually  be  located  in  the  fire  trenches.  The  best 
position  for  them  is  in  the  support  trenches  close  to  the  main  com- 
munication trenches  leading  to  the  fire  trenches,  whence  they  can 
make  an  immediate  counterattack  should  the  enemy  succeed  in 
gaining  a  footing  in  the  front  line. 

A  "trench"  or  "bombing  pits,"  dug  about  20  yards  behind  the 
front  trench,  from  which  grenades  can  be  thrown  into  the  front 
trench,  is  an  advantage. 

WThere  mine  craters,  sapheads,  hollows,  etc.,  provide  ground 
which  neither  rifle  nor  machine-gun  fire  can  cover,  bombing  posts 
should  be  established  so  as  to  deny  such  points  to  the  enemy.  These 
posts  should  be  sheltered  as  far  as  possible  from  enemy  grenades 
by  wire  netting  and  small  traverses. 

Saps  forward  from  the  front  trench  should  be  covered  to  beyond 
grenade-throwing  distance  from  the  front  trench  with  a  network  of 
overhead  wire  of  about  1  foot  mesh.  This  will  prevent  parties  of 

97777°_17 3 


34 


the  enemy  who  may  capture  the  sap  from  throwing  their  grenades 
into  the  front  trench,  but  will  not  prevent  the  grenades  of  the  de- 
fenders from  falling  among  the  enemy  in  the  sap.  The  head  of  the 
sap  should  not  be  wired,  so  that  when  it  is  occupied  by  the  bombers 
of  the  defense  they  can  throw  their  grenades  from  it  to  both  front 
and  flanks. 

Unless  a  sap  is  within  grenade-throwing  distance  of  the  enemy, 
occupation  by  bombers  is  not  necessary;  but  a  bombing  post  should 
be  established  in  close  proximity  to  all  saps. 

The  trident  trench  as  a  means  of  defense  has  already  been  referred 
to.  A  similar  arrangement  can  be  carried  out  for  the  defense  of  a 
mine  crater  or  at  any  point  where  a  communication  trench  joins  a 
main  trench,  e.  g., 

Fig.  7. 


Bombing  posts  at  A,  A,  A,  can  all  throw  into  C  simultaneously. 

The  action  of  bombing  parties  should  be  laid  down  in  the  scheme 
of  defense  of  each  section  of  the  line,  and  each  party  should  be  prac- 
ticed in  carrying  out  its  particular  role,  so  that  every  member  of 
it  may  know  what  he  has  to  do. 

It  is  essential  that  a  counterattack  by  bombers  should  start  im- 
mediately, before  the  enemy  has  had  time  to  arrange  his  defense. 
In  the  case  of  small  counterattacks  from  the  support  trenches,  the 
bombing  squad,  which  should  be  permanently  stationed  close  to 
the  communication  trench,  moves  forward  at  once,  followed  by  the 
remainder  of  the  platoon.  If  it  is  necessary  on  reaching  the  fire 
trench  to  turn  outward  and  attack  in  both  directions,  every  man 
must  be  detailed  beforehand  as  a  right-hand  or  left-hand  man. 

In  the  case  of  a  counterattack  on  a  bigger  scale  from  the  reserve 
trenches,  a  properly  organized  column  with  point,  support,  side 
parties,  and  main  body  must  be  detailed  (see  sec.  14).  The  men 
should  be  told  off  beforehand  and  stationed  in  the  order  in  which 
they  will  advance,  i.  e.,  with  the  point  nearest  the  communication 


35 

trench.  The  attack  can  then  be  launched  at  a  moment's  notice. 
The  men  file  into  the  communication  trench  in  order,  taking  their 
grenades  from  the  grenade  stores  as  they  pass.  These  grenade  stores 
should  be  established  at  the  junction  of  each  communication  trench 
with  the  reserve  trench.  The  grenades  should  be  kept  ready  packed 
in  carriers. 

A  counterattack  across  the  open  can  often  be  prepared  and  sup- 
ported with  effect  by  the  fire  of  rifle  bombers. 

CARE  AND  STORAGE  OF  GRENADES. 

20.  Grenades  stored  in  trenches  should  be  kept  ready  fused 
with  the  detonators  inserted.  Each  company  in  the  front  line 
should  have  a  supply  on  company  charge.  Company  and  platoon 
commanders  should  be  responsible  that  all  grenade  depots  on  their 
charge  are  kept  up  to  strength.  The  company  bombing  noncom- 
missioned officer  should  inspect  stores  daily.  Grenades  should  be 
distributed  in  a  number  of  dry  and  closed  bombproof  depots  estab- 
lished at  frequent  intervals  in  the  trenches,  in  the  "grenade  trench, " 
and  near  the  head  of  communication  trenches.  The  principle  to  be 
observed  is  that  there  should  be  no  more  grenades  than  absolutely 
necessary  in  the  front  line,  and  that  reserves  should  be  echeloned 
in  rear,  as  near  to  main  lines  of  communication  as  possible.  The 
depots  should  be  well  marked,  easily  accessible  and  kept  distinct 
from  other  stores.  A  good  type  of  grenade  depot  is  one  built  in  a 
T-shaped  trench  off  the  main  trench.  Th£  grenades  should  be  in- 
closed in  tin-lined  boxes,  the  lid  of  which  must  be  made  airtight, 
in  the  depots  to  prevent  deterioration.  Old  ammunition  boxes  can 
be  adapted  for  the  purpose. 

Conspicuous  notice  boards  to  show  the  position  of  grenade  depots 
and  the  way  to  them  should  be  placed  in  all  trenches. 

All  grenades  sent  to  the  trenches  must  be  constantly  turned  over. 
This  can  be  done,  if  ordinary  expenditure  is  not  sufficient,  by  bring- 
ing back  grenades  from  the  trenches  and  using  them  in  grenade 
training  schools. 

Stores  used  for  grenades  and  detonators  in  the  trenches,  rest 
billets,  or  elsewhere  will  not  be  used  for  any  other  purpose.  The 
use  of  naked  lights  and  smoking  is  forbidden  in  them.  No  inflam- 
mable material  should  be  allowed  in  a  grenade  store.  Ventilation 
must  be  arranged. 


36 

The  insertion  of  detonators  should  be  carried  out  under  the  driest 
possible  conditions.  The  base  plug  of  the  Mills'  grenade  should  be 
well  smeared  with  vaseline  before  it  is  screwed  home. 

A  supply  of  vaseline  or  mineral  jelly  should  be  kept  at  brigade 
and  battalion  grenade  dumps  and  the  grenades  should  be  frequently 
examined  and  kept  free  from  rust,  special  attention  being  paid  to  the 
lever  and  safety  pin. 

The  following  may  be  taken  as  a  rough  guide  to  the  number  of 
grenades  required  by  a  brigade  with  two  battalions  in  front  line: 
For  each  company  in  front  line,  500;  in  each  battalion  store,  1,000; 
in  brigade  store,  3,000. 


APPENDIX  I. 

GGESTIONS  FOR  SYLLABUS  OF  TRAINING. 
A.  ELEMENTARY  TRAINING. 

The  following  subjects  should  be  included  in  the  course: 
Lectures. — (a)  Handling  grenades,  and  precautions  necessary. 

(b)  Description  of  grenades  in  use  and  detailed  description  of 
Mills  grenade. 

(c)  Care  and  storage  of  grenades. 

(d)  Organization  and  tactics  of  bombers  in  attack  and  defense, 
including  tactical  use  of  rifle  grenades. 

Practical. — (a)  Throwing  dummy  grenades  in  open  and  in  trenches. 
(6)  Group  practice,  one  man  throwing  grenade,  one  keeping  up 
supply  of  grenades. 

(c)  Practice  in  squads  of  eight,  under  a  leader,  working  up  trench 
with  dummy  grenades. 

(d)  Throwing  live  grenades,  individual  practice. 

(e)  If  possible,  practice  in  squads  of  eight,  under  a  leader,  with 
live  grenades. 

Following  is  a  suggested  syllabus  for  an  elementary  course  when 
only  three  days  are  available: 

First  day. — Opening  lecture  on  detonators,  fuses,  igniters,   and 
grenades,  and  their  properties. 

Demonstration  of  action  in  throwing  grenades  in  various  positions 
in  the  open  by  instructor,  followed  by  practice  by  class. 

Detailed  description  of  Mills  grenade  and  precautions  to  be  taken 
with  it. 

Practice  in  throwing  dummy  grenades  at  25  yards — (i)  Into  a 
trench  or  pit;  (ii)  out  of  trench;  (iii)  over  a  traverse. 

Demonstration  of  the  use  of  the  Mills  grenade  as  a  rifle  grenade. 

Short  drill  to  explain  duties  of  various  men  in  a  grenade  party. 
nd  day. — Questions  on  previous  day's  work  and  drill. 

Practice  in  throwing  with  dummies  individually  and  in  groups, 
in  the  open  and  from  trenches. 

Lecture  on  care  of  grenades. 

Lecture  on  organization  and  tactics  of  bombers. 

(37) 


38 

Demonstration  by  trained  bombing  squad  of  method  of  working 
down  a  trench. 

Third  day. — Questions  on  previous  day's  work. 

Lecture  on  organization  and  tactics  of  bombers. 

Individual  throwing  of  live  grenades. 

Practice  in  squads  of  eight,  under  a  leader,  working  down  trench 
with  dummy  grenades. 

Demonstration  of  method  of  blocking  a  trench. 

Squads  of  eight,  under  a  leader,  working  down  trench  with  live 
grenades. 

There  should  be  a  prepared  training  ground  at  all  rest  billets,  so 
as  to  prevent  delay  in  training  when  battalions  come  out  to  rest. 

Men  should  first  of  all  be  practiced  in  throwing  at  measured 
distances  in  the  open  with  dummies. 

A  good  method  of  preparing  the  ground  is  to  mark  on  it  a  series  of 
double  lines,  each  double  line  being  3  feet  wide,  to  represent  the 
width  of  a  trench.  The  base  lines,  also  3  feet  apart,  between  which 
the  throwers  stand,  should  be  20  yards  from  the  first  double  line; 
then  come  four  more  rows  beyond  the  first  one,  at  distances  of  25 
yards,  30  yards,  35  yards,  and  40  yards. 

Having  once  mastered  the  first  distance  the  men  should  then 
throw  at  the  farther  distances  in  turn. 

The  squads  can  be  divided  into  two  groups  of  four  men,  one 
group  returning  the  dummies  to  the  group  throwing  from  the  base 
line;  by  this  means  no  time  will  be  lost  and  every  man  will  be  kept 
interested  in  the  proceedings. 

As  soon  as  the  man  has  obtained  a  certain  amount  of  proficiency 
in  throwing  in  the  open  he  should  next  be  practiced  in  throwing 
from  behind  cover,  which  is  the  normal  condition  under  which 
grenades  are  thrown  in  action. 

Arrangements  for  practicing  in  throwing  should  be  provided  in  all 
billets  and  handed  over  when  the  occupants  are  changed  as  "billet 
stores."  "Cages,"  as  described  below,  are  suitable  for  throwing 
practice.  They  require  little  material,  either  for  construction  or 
upkeep,  and  instruction  is  as  good  as  with  trenches.  They  are  espe- 
cially suitable  in  low-lying  districts,  where  trenches  can  not  be  kept 
dry. 

Cages  can  be  made  as  follows  (see  fig.  8  and  pi.  6): 

(a)  Throwing  cage. — Consists  of  four  posts,  which  project  8  feet 
above  the  thrower's  platform.  The  sides  can  be  made  of  wire  net- 
ting or  such  other  material  as  may  be  available.  The  front  face 
should  be  boarded,  the  top  1J  feet  of  which  can  be  removed  about 


39 


6  inches  at  a  time.  The  thrower  stands  inside  the  cage  and  throws 
over  the  front  face,  the  height  of  which  can  be  adjusted,  according 
to  the  proficiency  of  the  thrower,  either  to  a  height  of  6  feet,  5  feet  6 
inches,  5  feet,  or  4  feet  6  inches  by  removing  one  or  more  boards. 
During  wet  weather  a  trench  board,  upon  which  the  thrower  can 
stand,  can  be  placed  inside  the  cage. 

THBOWING  CAGE. 

Fig..  8. 
Plan. 


H 


Perspective  elevation. 


(6)  Target  cage. — The  target  cages  are  similar  to  the  thrower's  cage, 
but  the  front  face  need  not  be  boarded,  nor  need  the  sides  be  more 
than  3  feet  high.  This  cage  can  be  made  of  any  length  and  traverses 
placed  in  it  at  any  interval  as  desired.  The  most  elementary  cage 


40 

would  be  placed  in  direct  prolongation  of  the  thrower's  cage.  By 
placing  others  at  different  angles  the  bomber  can  be  practiced  at 
throwing  at  different  angles  as  his  proficiency  increases.  These 
cages  are  of  particular  value  in  elementary  instruction,  as  the  thrower 
after  completing  his  practice  can  see  the  result  of  his  throwing. 

Instruction  should  also  be  given  in  indirect  fire,  one  man  observ- 
ing, the  other  throwing.  The  observer,  using  a  periscope  or  direct 
observation,  corrects  the  thrower's  aim  by  calling  out  after  each 
dummy  grenade  is  thrown,  "Shorten  six  yards,"  "Two  yards  more 
right,"  etc.1 

As  soon  as  a  good  standard  of  accuracy  has  been  reached  the  men 
should  be  formed  into  squads  and  instructed  in  trench  work.  As 
this  instruction  is  the  most  important  part  of  a  bomber's  training, 
it  should  be  progressive  and  carefully  thought  out,  the  practice  being 
conducted  at  first  in  slow  time  as  a  drill  in  which  all  detail  is  ex- 
plained and  all  faults  corrected.  The  practice  should  be  gradually 
quickened  up  and  the  party  allowed  to  work  by  themselves,  the 
practice  being  criticized  on  its  conclusion.  The  importance  of  all 
members  of  a  squad  being  equally  conversant  with  the  duties  of 
all  numbers  must  be  remembered,  and  the  numbers  changed  round 
accordingly.  A  plentiful  supply  of  dummy  grenades  must  be  avail- 
able on  all  occasions  when  trench  work  is  practiced. 

B.  ADVANCED  COURSE. 

The  following  subjects  should  be  included: 

Lectures. — (a)  Details  of  grenades  of  various  types,  including  the 
German. 
(6)  Details  of  rifle  grenades  and  throwers. 

(c)  Organization  and  tactics  of  bombers  in  attack  and  defense, 
organization  for  raids  or  large  attack.     Cooperation  of  machine  and 
Lewis  guns,  tactical  use  of  rifle  grenades  and  throwers. 

(d)  Supply  of  grenades  in  an  attack. 

Practical. — (a)  Improvement  of  accuracy  and  length  of  throwing 
hand  grenades. 

(6)  Use  of  rifle  grenades,  rifle-grenade  stands,  and  throwers, 
(c)  Various  practices  in  attack  and  defense. 

1  The  following  method  of  direction  should  always  be  used  by  the  observer:  " — 
yards  front  (half  right,  half  left)"  (to  give  thrower  the  distance  and  direction  of 
target). 

After  a  throw: "—  yards  more  right  (left)"  (to  correct  direction);  or  "Lengthen  — 
yards"  (to  correct  distance);  or  "Shorten —  yards"  (to  correct  distance);  or  "Re- 
peat "  (if  grenade  has  fallen  in  right  place). 


41 

(d)  Practice  in  rapid  and  continuous  throwing. 

(e)  Throwing  at  night  with  live  grenades. 
(/)  Methods  of  "blocking"  a  trench. 

Great  stress  must  be  laid  on  throwing  discipline.  One  well- 
placed  grenade  is  worth  any  amount  of  grenades  thrown  indiscrimi- 
nately. 

USE  OF  MILLS  RIFLE  GRENADE,  NO.  23. 

The  Mills  rifle  grenade  (No.  23)  is  a  short-range  grenade.  It  is 
principally  designed  for  use  in  support  of  hand-grenade  bombers  or 
riflemen  in  an  attack  on  trenches. 

The  range  that  can  be  obtained  increases  with  the  length  of  the 
rod. 

With  a  6-inch  rod  the  maximum  range  (at  an  angle  of  45°)  is  ap- 
proximately 90  yards. 

Rifle  bombers  armed  with  the  grenade  are  included  in  a  bombing 
squad,  and  therefore  all  bombers  must  be  trained  in  their  use. 

Throughout  the  attack  the  rifle  bombers  will  keep  in  close  touch 
with  the  squad  leader  in  order  to — 

(a)  Cover  the  advance  of  the  bayonet  men  and  throwers,  and  pro- 
tect the  flanks. 

(&)  Clear  hostile  blocks,  arrow  heads,  and  side  trenches  which  are 
out  of  range  of  hand  bombers. 

(c)  Prevent  the  enemy  from  sending  up  reinforcements  and  hin- 
der his  bomb  supply. 

DIRECTIONS   FOR   FIRING. 

From  the  rifle  with  fixed  bayonet  and  special  cup  attachment  (see 
pi.  E): 

(a)  Place  the  rod  of  the  grenade  into  the  bore  and  allow  the  gre- 
nade to  slide  down  until  the  base  plug  rests  on  the  bottom  of  the 
cup,  the  lever  being  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  cup  to  the  bayonet. 

(6)  Insert  cartridge. 

(c)  Turn  safety  catch  of  the  rifle  to  the  rear. 

(d)  Pull  out  the  pin  of  the  grenade. 

(e)  Turn  the  safety  catch  of  the  rifle  to  the  front. 
(/)  Hold  the  rifle  at  the  required  angle  and  fire. 

The  rifle  can  be  fired  from  three  positions  (see  pis.  7-10A),  viz: 
Kneeling  with  the  butt  on  the  ground. 
Standing  with  the  rifle  in  the  "on  guard"  position. 
Standing  firing  from  the  shoulder. 


42 

When  firing  with  the  rifle  in  the  "on  guard"  position,  care  must 
be  taken  that  the  rifle  is  clear  of  the  hip  (see  pis.  8  and  8 A). 

The  position  should  be  chosen  to  suit  the  cover  available.  When 
firing  standing,  the  bayonet  should  not  show  above  the  cover. 

STANDARD  TESTS. 

1.  First  test  (with  dummies). — To  test  accuracy  of  direction,  length 
of  throw,  and  endurance: 

Position:  Standing  in  a  trench  or  cage  4  feet  wide  and  throwing 
over  a  traverse  6  feet  high.  The  bomber  is  allowed  to  jump  up  to 
get  his  direction  before  throwing,  but  no  mark  indicating  direction 
may  be  used. 

Targets  (see  fig.  9) :  (a)  Cage  (or  trench)  directly  in  prolongation 
of  the  throwing  cage.  Height  of  cage  3  feet,  width  4  feet,  length 
at  least  30  feet;  distance  of  thrower's  traverse  to  enemy's  traverse 
25  yards. 

(6)  and  (c).  Two  cages  (or  trenches)  set  at  an  angle  of  45°  to  the 
thrower's  cage;  same  dimensions  as  for  (a),  but  the  distance  to  the 
enemy's  traverse  to  be  20  yards. 

Number  of  grenades  (dummies),  15:  The  bomber  starts  by  throw- 
ing into  cage  (a).  As  soon  as  he  has  got  3  into  the  cage,  he  goes 
on  to  cage  (&)  with  the  balance  of  the  15  grenades  unused;  as  soon 
as  he  has  got  3  into  cage  (6),  he  goes  on  to  cage  (c)  and  can  expend 
the  balance  on  getting  2  into  cage  (c).  If  the  number  of  grenades 
is  expended  before  2  grenades  have  been  thrown  into  cage  (c),  the 
bomber  fails  to  qualify.  This  test  is  all  one  test  and  must  be  car- 
ried through  continuously.  It  will  not  be  divided  into  three  sep- 
arate tests. 

2.  Second  test  (live  grenades'). — Three  live  grenades  to  be  thrown 
at  a  target,  the  officer  conducting  the  test  to  decide  on  the  man's 
capability. 

3.  Third  test.— Rifle  grenade  (No.   23)'.     Dummy  grenades  will 
be  used: 

Target:  A  cage  (or  trench)  20  yards  long  and  4  feet  broad,  into 
which  the  granades  are  to  drop. 

Distance:  About  70  to  90  yards. 

Standard:  Five  grenades  to  be  fired,  of  which  3  are  to  pitch 
inside  the  target. 

Position:  Behind  a  traverse  as  in  1.  The  firer  may  hold  and  fire 
the  rifle  as  desired,  so  long  as  his  bayooet  does  not  show  above  the 
-cover. 


43 


4.  Fourth  test  (trench  tactics}. — Bombers  to  be  tested  by  working 
down  a  trench  or  such  other  exercise  as  the  officer  conducting  the 
test  considers  fit.     To  insure  that  each  man  knows  the  duties  of  each 
number  in  a  squad,  numbers  should  be  changed  round.     Questions 
<*an  be  asked  as  desired. 

5.  Fifth  test.— The  officer  conducting  the  test  will  ask  questions 
*-"»  ascertain  that  the  bomber  understands  the  mechanism  and  objects 

Arrangement  of  Ca£erfor  Standard  Tests. 
Fig,  9. 


of  all  types  o"f  granades  in  use,  including  smoke  grenades  and  candles. 
He  should  also  be  asked  questions  on  German  grenades. 

The  tests  will  be  carried  out  in  the  order  named  above,  except 
that,  if  more  convenient,  test  No.  5  may  be  taken  before  No.  4. 

These  tests  must  be  strictly  carried  out  and  will  not  be  conducted 
by  an  officer  holding  an  appointment  junior  to  brigade  bombing 
officer. 


44 

Only  noncommissioned  officers  and  men  who  pass  the  above  tests 
will  be  classified  as  trained  bombers  and  be  entitled  to  wear  the 
distintive  bomber's  badge.1 

A  man  must  qualify  in  each  test  and  must  not  go  on  to  the  next 
until  he  has  qualified  in  the  previous  one. 

Dress  for  first,  second,  and  third  tests. — Drill  order  with  haversack, 
water  bottle,  and  entrenching  implement,  but  without  rifle.  (See 
pis.  5,  5A.) 

1.  PHYSICAL  EXERCISES  FOR  BOMBERS. 
A.  INTRODUCTORY  EXERCISES. 

1.  Leg  exercise:  *Head  forward.     Heels  raising  and  knees  bend- 
ing (four  times). 

2.  Neck  exercise:  Head  turning  quickly  (3  times  in  each  direc- 
tion). 

3.  Arm  exercise:  *(d)  Arms  swinging  sideways  and  upward  (six 
times).     *(&)  Arms  sidewise  stretch.     Arms  swinging  forward  (four 
times).     Hands  to  be  turned  palms  facing  during  the  movements 
(a)  and  (6). 

4.  Trunk  exercise :  *Feet  astride.    Arms  side  stretch.    Trunk  bend- 
ing sideways  quickly  (three  times  in  each  direction). 

5.  Lunging  exercise:  *Head  forward,  feet  full  outward.     Lunging 
outward  (three  times  each  foot). 

B.  GENERAL  EXERCISES. 

1.  Prep,  for  feet  astride.     Arms  upward  stretch:  Trunk  bending 
backward  (three  times).     Spring  back.     Comp.  exercise  feet  astride. 
Head  forward:  Trunk  bending  forward  and  full  downward  (twice). 

2.  Balancing  exercise:  Head  forward.     Leg  raising  forward,  side- 
ways, and  backward  (3  times  each  leg). 

3.  Lat.  exercise:  *(a)  Head  forward,  feet  outward  place,  trunk  to  the 
left  (right)  turn.     Trunk  bending  sideways  (three  times  each  side). 
(Note. — Trunk  always  to  be  turned  and  bent  toward  the  rear  foot. 
*(&)  Arms  bending,  feet  sideways  place:  Trunk  turning  quickly, 
with  arms  stretching  upward  (three  times  in  each  direction). 

4.  Abdomen  exercise:  (a)  On  the  hands — Arms  bending  (up  to 
three  times).    Add  later  "with  leg  raising." 

1  All  badges  previously  awarded  will  continue  to  be  worn. 

*  Starred  (*)  exercises  indicate  that  these  are  specially  adapted  for  developing  the 
muscles  used  in  bomb  throwing. 


45 

5.  Dorsal  exercise:  Arms  bending,  F.  sidewise  placed,  trunk  for- 
ward bending — Arms  stretching  sidewise.     Later,  arms  stretching 
upward. 

Or  Feet  astride.  Anns  upward  stretching,  trunk  forward  bending. 
Arms  swinging  downward  and  backward. 

6.  Marching  exercise:  Quick  march.    Double  march.1    Marching 
on  the  toes.    To  be  done  each  time. 

*  Quick  sprints. 

Relay  race,2  or  a  short  sharp  game  to  develop  speed  and  wind. 
(Only  for  a  few  minutes,  but  with  energy  and  dash.) 

7.  Jumping  and  vaulting  exercise: 

*(a)  Upward  jumping,  with  arms  swinging  sideways  and  upward. 
*(&)  Upward  jumping,  with  arms  swinging  upward. 

(c)  Running  forward  and  jumping  high  and  long  jumps  off  a  mark, 
with  rifles  and  fixed  bayonets. 

(d)  Vaulting  over  beams,  walls,  etc.,  as  available. 

(e)  Jumping  into  and  getting  out  of  shallow  and  deep  trenches. 
N.  B. — Only  one  or  two  of  the  above  exercises  daily,  according  to 

time  available,  until  the  men  are  proficient.  When  proficient  they 
can  be  run  over  an  obstacle  course,  which  should  include  obstacles 
that  will  cause  them  to  put  into  practice  all  they  have  been  taught 
hitherto,  but  in  a  more  practical  form. 

C.  FINAL  EXERCISES. 

1.  Leg  exercise:  Heel  raise  (four  times). 

2.  Trunk  exercise,  head  forward:   Trunk  turning  (twice  in  each 
direction). 

3.  Correction  exercise:  Arms  raising  forward  and  upward,  lower- 
ing sidewise  and  downward  (until  the  action  of  the  heart  and  lungs 
is  eased). 

Note. — Quickening  exercises,  for  the  purpose  of  relieving  mono- 
tony and  instilling  dash,  should  be  introduced  here  and  there  during 
the  table. 

1  This  should  not  be  done  in  the  ordinary  double  time;  but,  in  order  that  the  men 
may  learn  to  make  full  use  of  their  legs  in  getting  over  the  ground,  every  attention 
should  be  paid  to  developing  a  long  springy  stride  on  the  toes. 

2  Dummy  bombs  or  small  sandbags  of  approximate  weight  should  be  carried  to 
accustom  men,  when  moving  rapidly,  to  pass  bombs  to  each  other  without  dropping 
them. 

*  Starred  (*)  exercises  indicate  that  these  are  specially  adapted  for  developing  the 
muscles  used  in  bomb  throwing. 


46 

II.  THROWING  PRACTICE. 

In  order  to  utilize  the  throwing  muscles,  developed  individually 
by  exercises,  they  must  be  capable  of  coordinated  action.  This  is 
best  developed  by  actual  throwing  practice. 

A  convenient  and  practical  method  of  developing  this  coordination 
of  the  throwing  muscles  is  by  means  of  "medicine"  bag  practice. 

A  "medicine  "  bag  can  be  made  of  strong  canvas  filled  loosely  with 
sand  (damped  before  using),  dried  peas,  beans,  etc.,  in  weight 
about  2  pounds. 

This  practice  is  carried  out  by  two  men,  standing  from  8  to  12 
paces  apart,  throwing  the  bag  from  one  to  the  other.  The  bag  must 
be  thrown  or  bowled  with  the  correct  bomb-throwing  action,  slowly 
and  deliberately,  so  that  each  muscle  is  brought  into  use.  The 
thrower  must  endeavor  to  make  a  ' l  good  shot "  with  the  bag  and  throw 
it  into  the  opposite  man's  hands,  which  should  be  held  close  up 
against  the  chest,  open  and  ready  to  catch  the  bag.  The  bag  is 
caught  and  thrown  or  bowled  back  in  the  same  manner. 

The  practice  should  cease  as  soon  as  the  throwers  feel  the  strain 
and  commence  to  lose  the  correct  throwing  positions;  the  practice 
throughout  must  never  be  hurried. 

This  training  can  be  carried  out  by  big  classes,  and  in  a  room  as 
well  as  in  the  open.  Not  only  are  the  throwing  muscles  trained  and 
the  length  of  throw  increased,  but  good  direction  and  alertness  are 
developed. 

METHOD  OF  USING  THE  RIFLE  AND  BAYONET    WHEN 
ATTACKING  ROUND  A  TRAVERSE. 

1.  Only  men  specially  skilled  with  the  bayonet  should  be  selected 
as  "bayonet  men"  with  bombing  squads.     They  must  act  as  scouts 
as  well  as  protectors  to  the  bombers. 

2.  (1)  When  making  an  attack  round  left  traverse  (fig.  10A  and 
fig.  11).  ( 

The  rifle  is  held  at  what  may  be  described  as  the  "low  port," 
i.  e.,  slanting  across  the  body,  the  bayonet  pointing  upward  and 
close  to  the  left  shoulder;  the  left  hand  close  to  the  left  breast  and 
grasping  the  rifle  just  behind  the  piling  swivel;  the  right  hand  just 
behind  the  back  sight. 

Left  foot  forward,  and  the  weight  of  the  body  poised  for  an  imme- 
diate dash  round  the  traverse  with  the  right  foot,  at  the  same  time 
as  the  bayonet  is  swung  down  to  deliver  a  "point." 

(2)  For  an  attack  round  a  right  traverse — vice  versa. 


47 


3.  (1)  When  working  round  a  left  traverse  to  make  an  attack  on 
any  enemy  low  down  on  the  ground,  in  a  "dug-out,"  etc.  (fig.  12). 

The  rifle  point  downward,  the  small  of  the  butt  passi  g  under  the 
right  armpit,  the  point  of  the  bayonet  just  off  the  ground;  the  right 


B 

Fig.  10.— ATTACKING  ROUND  -A  LEFT  TRAVERSE,  (Back  view,) 


Fig.  11. — ATTACKING  ROUND  A  LEFT  TRAVERSE    (Front  view.) 

hand  grasping  the  rifle  just  behind  the  back  sight,  left  hand  just 
below  the  piling  swivel;  the  left  foot  forward,  and  the  weight  of  the 
body  distributed  ready  to  make  an  immediate  dash  round  the 
traverse  and  to  deliver  a  point. 

(2)  For  an  attack  round  a  right  traverse,  vice  versa. 


48 

4.  When  moving  along  trenches  in  file  (except  the  leading  man) 
(Fig.  IDs): 

The  rifle  held  close  up  against  the  right  side  with  the  finger 
through  the  trigger  guard — i.  e.,  the  old  "short  shoulder." 

The  leading  man  should  carry  his  rifle  in  the  position  of  imme- 
diate readiness  described  in  2  (i) — viz,  the  "low  port."  (Note. — 
In  these  positions  the  rifles  do  not  protrude  beyond  the  traverse, 
nor  show  above  the  trench.) 


Fig.  12. 

Attacking  round  a  left  traverse, 
rifle  held  ready  to  make  a 
downward  point  with  the 
bayonet. 

5.  Instructions  to  be  observed  by  "bayonet  men": 

(1)  Never  go  round  a  corner  without  being  on  the  alert. 

(2)  Learn  to  use  the  bayonet  with  skill  when  the  rifle  is  gripped 
behind  the  backsight  with  either  the  left  or  the  right  hand. 

(3)  Become  an  adept  in  all    "knock-out"   methods  with   the 
rifle,  etc.,  and  be  able  to  make  a  "point"  even  when  lying  on  the 
ground. 

(4)  For  night  work  the  bayonet  should  be  dulled. 


APPENDIX  II. 
GRENADE  CARRIERS. 

The  following  patterns  of  grenade  carriers  have  been  found  gen- 
erally useful : 

(a)  Bucket  carrier  (fig.  13). — This  is  a  canvas  bucket  with  double 
bottom.  It  is  carried  by  a  sling  of  adjustable  length,  and  will 
hold  20  Mills  grenades.  It  is  closed  by  a  cord. 

A  very  efficient  backet  carrier  can  be  made  from  an  ordinary 
sandbag,  doubled  over  at  the  top,  with  a  side  and  bottom  stiffen- 
ing of  wire  petting  and  a  rope  handle. 


Care  should  be  taken  that  the  safety-pins  are  not  bent  when 
grenades  are  carried  in  a  bucket. 

(6)  Belt  bag  carrier. — A  canvas  bag  with  steel  hook,  to  be  carried 
on  waist  belt  and  hold  four  Mills  grenades.  The  bag  is  closed  by 
a  piece  of  string.  Various  other  types  are  in  use. 

(c)  Waistcoat  pattern,  with  pockets,  to  carry  10  Mills  grenades. 

97777°— 17 4  (49) 


APPENDIX   III. 

DESCRIPTION    OF   BRITISH   GRENADES   AND    INSTRUC 
TIONS  FOR  THEIR  USE. 

A.  The  following  types  of  grenades  are  now  in  use:  Mills  grenade, 
grenade,  hand,  No.  5;  Hales  rifle  grenade  (with  wind  vane),  grenade, 
rifle,  No.  3;  Hales  rifle  grenade  (vaneless),  grenade,  rifle,  No.  20; 
Mills  grenade  to  be  fired  from  rifle,  grenade,  No.  23. 

B.  The  following  grenades  should  be  available  shortly:  Pippin 
rifle  grenade,  grenade,  rifle,  No.  22;  Hales  rifle  grenade  (vaneless 
improved),  grenade,  rifle,  No.  24. 

In  the  descriptions  which  follow  the  grenades  are  arranged  in  order 
of  their  numbers.  A  description  of  the  P  grenade  is  given  after 
No.  24. 

HALES  RIFLE  GRENADE,  SHORT  RIFLE,  NO.  3,  MARK  I 
(PERCUSSION). 

[Weight  complete,  1  pound  5  ounces.    Mean  maximum  range,  185  yards.) 
DESCRIPTION. 

(See  PI.  B,  fig.  1.) 

Body. — Serrated  steel,  filled  with  explosives.  Down  the  center 
of  the  explosive  is  a  brass  tube  into  the  forward  end  of  which  the 
detonator  is  inserted.  The  body  is  closed  by  the  base  piece.  This 
carries  the  striker  pellet,  two  retaining  bolts,  wind  vane,  releasing 
socket,  and  safety  pin.  To  the  base  piece  is  fixed  a  base  plug  carry- 
ing the  spring  clip  and  a  10-inch  steel  rod. 

Detonator  holder  (see  pi.  F,  fig.  3}. — Consists  of  a  special  brass  tube 
which  screws  into  the  head  of  the  grenade.  It  is  2^  inches  long  and 
contains  a  detonator  and  detonator  cap.  Until  the  detonator  is 
inserted  the  head  of  the  grenade  is  closed  by  an  ebonite  screw  plug. 

Cartridge. — A  special  blank  cartridge  is  supplied  to  fire  the  grenade. 

Action. — The  action  of  the  grenade  on  being  fired  is  as  follows:  The 
wind  vane  revolves  as  the  grenade  travels  through  the  air;  after  a 
few  turns  of  the  vane  the  retaining  bolts  are  no  longer  held  in  position 
by  its  inner  surface  and  fall  out;  on  impact  the  striker  pellet  sets 

(50) 


51 

forward  against  the  creep  spring  onto  the  detonator  cap,  thus  firing 
the  grenade. 

This  grenade  is  very  safe  to  handle,  as  it  can  not  be  fired  by  knock- 
ing or  dropping  on  the  ground ;  it  must  travel  through  the  air  some 
distance  before  the  retaining  bolts  fall  out. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  prepare  for  use: 

1.  Holding  the  grenade  head  down  so  as  to  make  certain  that  the 
needle  is  not  free,  remove  the  ebonite  screw  plug. 
.  2.  If  correct,  screw  in  the  detonator  holder. 
To  fire: 

1.  Lower  the  rod  into  the  barrel  of  the  rifle,  and  clip  over  the 
muzzle. 

2.  Load  the  rifle  with  the  special  blank  cartridge. 

3.  Immediately  before  firing  withdraw  the  safety  pin. 

If,  after  the  safety  pin  has  been  removed,  the  grenade  is  not  used, 
the  safety  pin  may  be  replaced  if  the  wind  vane  has  not  unscrewed 
and  uncovered  the  two  retaining  bolts;  but  if  these  are  uncovered 
the  grenade  is  in  a  dangerously  sensitive  condition,  and  if  so  found 
should  be  destroyed. 

Special  precautions  to  be  adopted  when  firing  No.  3  rifle  grenade 
(either  with  or  without  pin  on  wind  vane): 

1.  The  grenade  should  be  tapped  on  the  palm  of  the  hand  before 
inserting  the  detonator,  to  insure  that  the  striker  pellet  is  properly 
held  in  place  by  the  retaining  bolts. 

2.  The  wind  vane  and  the  releasing  socket  must  not  be  tampered 
with. 

3.  The  safety  pin  must  not  be  removed  before  the  grenade  has 
been  inserted  in  the  rifle. 

4.  The  detonator  holders  of  No.  2  and  No.  3  grenades  are  of  slightly 
different  lengths,  but  otherwise  very  similar  (see  PI.  F,  figs.  2  and  3). 
Care  should  be  taken  not  to  mix  them  up.     A  No.  2  detonator  holder 
in  a  No.  3  grenade  would  probably  cause  a  blind;  the  correct  detona- 
tor holders  are  supplied  in  the  grenade  box. 

5.  The  grenade  must  not  be  fired  with  a  cartridge  with  a  bullet  in  it 
(ball  cartridge},  as  this  may  burst  the  rifle. 

6.  The  rod  should  be  oiled,  but  only  slightly,  before  placing  it  in 
the  barrel  of  rifle. 

Inspection. — The  following  points  should  be  noticed: 

1.  That  the  wind  vane  is  covering  the  retaining  bolts. 

2.  That  the  releasing  socket  and  safety  pin  are  correctly  in  place. 


52 

3.  That  the  striker  pellet  is  held  correctly  by  the  retaining  bolts, 
which  fit  into  a  groove  in  it  and  should  prevent  it  from  moving. 

4.  That  the  creep  spring  is  in  position  over  the  striker  pellet. 

5.  That  the  screw  thread  and  cavity  for  the  detonator  holder  are 
clean  and  clear. 

6.  That  the  rod  is  straight  and  clean. 

7.  That  the  metal  at  the  lower  end  of  the  detonator  holder  is  cor- 
rectly turned  in  over  the  detonator  cap,  so  that  the  latter  is  securely 
held.     If  it  is  not,  the  cap  may  come  out  on  the  shock  of  discharge, 
strike  the.  needle,  and  so  cause  a  premature. 

Packing. — The  wooden  box  provided  contains  12  grenades,  12 
" detonators,  rifle  grenades"  (which  are  detonator  holders  complete 
with  detonators),  and  12  special  blank  cartridges  in  a  tin  box. 

GRENADE,  HAND,  NO.  5,  MARK  I,  OR  MILLS'  HAND 
GRENADE  (TIME). 

[Weight  complete,  1  pound  6J  ounces.] 
DESCRIPTION  (see  PL  B,  Jig.  2). 

Body. — Cast  iron,  serated  to  provide  numerous  missiles  on  deto- 
nation. Into  one  end  is  screwed  a  center  piece  with  separate  re- 
ces33fi  for  the  striker  and  the  detonator. 

The  striker  is  kept  cocked  against  its  spring  by  its  head  catching 
on  the  end  of  the  striker  lever  when  the  latter  is  lying  against  the 
body  of  the  grenade. 

The  lever  is  retained  in  this  position  by  the  safety  pin. 

Igniter  (see  PI.  F,  fig.  4). — This  is  a  separate  unit,  consisting  of 
cap,  cap  chamber,  safety  fuse,  and  detonator  (No.  6,  which  is  If 
laches  long,  No.  8  being  2|  inches).  (See  PI.  F,  figs.  7  and  8.) 

On  withdrawal  oi  the  safety  pin,  the  lever  swings  outward  under 
the  pull  of  the  striker  spring,  thus  releasing  the  striker  which  fires 
the  cap.  The  safety  fuse  burns  about  five  seconds  and  then  fires 
the  detonator. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  prepare  for  use: 

1.  Examine  the  safety  pin  and  see  that  it  is  easy  to  withdraw. 

2.  Unscrew  the  base  plug  and  insert  igniter. 

3.  Screw  in  the  base  plug  with  the  key  provided,  taking  care 
that  it  is  screwed  home.     The  lead  base  plugs  which  are  sometimes 
supplied  must  be  screwed  in  with  care,  otherwise  the  projections 
may  be  injured. 


53 

To  throw: 

1.  Hold  the  grenade  in  the  right  hand  in  such  a  position  that  the 
lever  is  held  securely  against  the  body  of  the  grenade  by  the  fingers, 
with  the  lever  along  the  second  joints  of  the  fingers. 

2.  Withdraw  the  safety  pin  with  the  left  hand,  using  a  hook  if 
preferred,  still  keeping  a  firm  grip  on  the  lever. 

3.  Throw  the  grenade. 
Special  precautions: 

1.  Do  not  release  the  lever  before  throwing  the  grenade. 

2.  It  is  essential  that  the  lever  should  be  held  securely  against 
the  body  of  the  grenade,  otherwise  the  collar  which  holds  back  the 
striker  may  release  it  and  so  ignite  the  fuse. 

3.  The  precautions  against  using  grenades  as  filled  grenades  after 
they  have  been  used  as  dummies  for  practice  is  particularly  applica- 
ble to  this  type. 

4.  Before  inserting  igniter  see  that  the  safety  pin  is  not  broken  or 
badly  corroded,  and  that  the  fuse  is  not  cracked  or  damaged,  ac 
these  defects  may  accelerate  time  of  burning. 

Inspection. — The  following  points  should  be  noticed: 

1.  That  there  are  two  striking  points  on  the  perimeter  of  the  lower 
end  of  the  striker,  and  not  one  central  point.     A  central  point  as 
used  in  Stokes 's  mortar  bombs  will  cause  a  premature  explosion 
in  a  Mills  grenade. 

2.  That  the  safety  split  pin  is  not  broken  or  badly  corroded  and 
that  the  ends  are  correctly  splayed,  so  that  the  pin  can  not  be  jolted 
out.  but  yet  is  not  too  difficult  to  withdraw. 

3.  That  the  jaws  of  the  lever  are  a  good  fit  and  hold  the  top  of  the 
striker  correctly. 

4.  That  the  wax  seal  around  the  top  of  the  striker  is  unbroken. 

5.  That  the  mouth  of  the  detonator  is  closely  crimped  around  the 
safety  fuse,  so  that  no  flash  can  enter  the  detonator  except  through 
the  fuse. 

6.  That  the  fuse  is  in  good  condition  and  not  cracked  or  damaged 
by  being  bent,  and  is  not  loose  in  the  cap. 

It  has  been  found  by  experiment  that  no  danger  attaches  to  the 
partition  between  the  recesses  for  the  striker  and  the  detonator 
being  thin  or  holed .  Even  with  the  partition  completely  cut  away 
no  prematures  have  taken  place. 

Mills 's  grenades  for  use  as  rifle  grenades  must  have  solid,  and  not 
recessed,  base  plugs. 

Packing. — The  grenades  are  packed  12  in  a  wooden  box,  with  a 
cylinder  containing  12  igniters. 


54 

VANELESS  RIFLE  GRENADE,  NO.  20. 

[Weight  complete,  1  pound  6  ounces.     Mean  maximum  range,  250  yards.! 
DESCRIPTION  (see  PI.  C). 

This  grenade  is  an  improved  form  of  No.  3  without  the  wind 
vane  and  spring  clip.  The  safety  pin  is  below  the  releasing  collar. 

Body. — Serrated  steel  filled  with  explosive.  Down  the  center 
of  the  explosive  is  a  brass  tube,  into  the  forward  end  of  which  the 
detonator  is  inserted.  The  body  is  closed  by  the  base  piece.  This 
carries  the  striker  pellet,  two  retaining  bolts,  releasing  socket,  and 
safety  pin.  To  the  base  piece  is  fixed  a  10-inch  steel  rod. 

Detonator  holder  (see  PI.  F,  fig.  3}. — Consists  of  a  special  brass 
tube  which  screws  into  the  head  of  the  grenade.  It  contains  a 
detonator  and  detonator  cap.  Until  the  detonator  holder  is  inserted 
the  head  of  the  grenade  is  closed  by  an  ebonite  screw  plug. 

Cartridge. — A  special  blank  cartridge  is  supplied  to  fire  the 
grenade. 

Action. — On  the  shock  of  discharge,  the  releasing  socket  sets  back; 
the  retaining  bolts  are  no  longer  held  in  position  by  its  inner  surface, 
and  fall  out.  On  impact  the  striker  pellet  sets  forward  against  the 
creep  spring  onto  the  detonator  cap,  thus  firing  the  grenade. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  prepare  for  use: 

1.  Holding  the  grenade    head  downward,  remove   the  ebonite 
screw  plug,  and  tap  the  grenade  on  the  hand,  so  as  to  make  certain 
that  the  striker  is  not  free. 

2.  If  correct,  screw  in  the  detonator  holder. 
To  fire: 

1.  Lower  the  rod  into  the  barrel  of  the  rifle. 

2.  Load  the  rifle  with  the  special  cartridge. 

3.  Immediately  before  firing  withdraw  the  safety  pin.     If  the 
grenade  is  not  fired  the  safety  pin  may  be  replaced. 

Special  precautions: 

1.  The  grenade  should  be  tapped  on  the  palm  of  the  hand  before 
inserting  the  detonator  holder,  to  insure  that  the  striker  pellet  is 
properly  held  in  place  by  the  retaining  bolts. 

2.  The  releasing  socket  must  not  be  tampered  with. 

3.  After  withdrawing  the  safety  pin  it  should  be  noticed  that  the 
releasing  socket  is  still  in  its  right  position ;  it  may  slip  back  (thus 
releasing  the  retaining  bolts)  if  it  has  not  been  properly  secured 
over  the  retaining  rim  during  manufacture.     A   grenade  in    this 


55 

condition  is  dangerous,  and  would  probably  explode  prematurely  at  the 
muzzle. 

4.  The  safety  pin  must  not  be  Withdrawn  before  the  grenade  has 
been  inserted  in  the  rifle. 

5.  The  grenade  must  not  be  fired  with  a  cartridge  with  a  bullet  in  it 
(ball  cartridge),  as  this  may  burst  the  rifle. 

6.  The  rod  should  be  oiled,  but  only  slightly,  before  placing  it  in 
the  barrel. 

7.  The  detonator  holders  for  grenades  No.  2  and  No.  20  (see  pi.  F, 
figs.  2  and  3)  are  of  slightly  different  lengths,  but  otherwise  very 
similar.     Care  should  be  taken  not  to  mix  them  up ;  a  No.  2  detonator 
holder  in  a  No.  20  grenade  would  probably  lead  to  a  blind.    The 
correct  detonator  holders  complete  with  detonators  are  supplied  in 
the  grenade  box. 

Inspection. — The  following  points  should  be  noticed: 

1.  That  the  releasing  socket  and  safety  pin  are  correctly  in  place. 

2.  That  the  striker  pellet  is  correctly  held  by  the  retaining  bolts, 
which  fit  into  a  groove  in  it  and  should  prevent  it  from  moving. 

3.  That  the  creep  spring  is  in  position  over  the  striker  pellet. 

4.  That  the  screw  thread  and  cavity  for  the  detonator  are  clean 
and  clear. 

5.  That  the  rod  is  straight  and  clean. 

6.  That  the  metal  at  the  lower  end  of  the  detonator  tube  is  correctly 
turned  in  over  the  detonator  cap,  so  that  the  latter  is  securely  held. 
If  it  is  not,  the  cap  may  come  out  on  the  shock  of  discharge,  strike 
the  needle  and  so  cause  a  premature. 

Packing. — The  wooden  box  provided  contains  12  grenades,  12 
detonator  holders  (containing  detonators)  in  a  tin  box,  and  12  special 
blank  cartridges  in  a  tin  box. 

PIPPIN  RIFLE  GRENADE,  No.  22,  MARK  I.1 

[Weight  complete,  1  pound  9J  ounces.    Mean  maximum  range,  300  yards.     This 
is  a  modification  of  the  extemporized  "  Newton"  grenade. 

DESCRIPTION  (See  pi.  D). 

Body.— The  grenade  consists  of  a  cast-iron,  stream-line  body  with 
a  flat  head,  serrated  on  the  outside.  A  15-inch  rod  is  screwed  into 
the  pointed  end  and  fitted  with  a  copper  gas  check.  In  the  center 
of  the  flat  head  is  a  hole;  into  this,  after  the  grenade  has  been  filled 

1  The  final  pattern  of  No.  22  is  not  yet  definitely  settled,  and  the  description  given 
here  may  require  modification  later. 


56 

with  ammonal,  a  paper  tube  with  a  solid  end  is  forced  down  and 
waxed  in.  This  tube  takes  the  special  detonator.  » 

Cap. — Over  the  head  of  the  grenade  is  a  detachable  pressed  steel 
cap,  the  sides  of  which  have  been  cut  away,  leaving  four  projecting 
lugs,  each  with  a  formed  hole  in  it.  These  lugs  fit  over  four  pro- 
jections cast  on  the  body.  The  cap  is  fitted  with  a  safety  pin. 

Detonator  "holder  (See  PI.  F,  fig.  5).— Consists  of  an  ordinary  .303 
rifle  cartridge  case  before  undergoing  the  operation  of  necking, 
fitted  with  a  percussion  cap  only.  Inside  is  an  ordinary  No.  8  de- 
tonator packed  round  with  waxed  paper,  with  the  end  spun  over. 
A  tin  safety  strip  is  fitted  to  the  base  of  the  cartridge  case  which 
covers  the  cap;  this  must  be  perforated  by  the  striker  before  it  can 
reach  the  cap. 

Action. — The  grenade,  owing  to  the  rod,  falls  on  its  head.  On 
coming  in  contact  with  the  ground  the  steel  cap  is  driven  up  and 
forces  the  striker  through  the  safety  strip  into  the  cap  of  the  car- 
tridge. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  prepare  for  use: 

1.  Remove  the  steel  cap  by  the  lever  supplied  with  each  box  of 
grenades. 

2.  Push  the  detonator  holder  down  into  the  grenade  until  the  rim 
of  the  cartridge  case  comes  in  contact  with  the  body. 

3.  Replace  the  steel  cap. 

NOTE. — The  safety  pin  must  not  be  removed  during  the  above 
operations. 
To  fire: 

1.  Lower  the  rod  into  the  barrel  of  the  rifle. 

2.  Load  the  rifle  with  the  special  cartridge. 

3.  Immediately  before  firing,  withdraw  the  safety  pin. 
Special  precautions: 

1.  The  safety  pin  must  not  be  removed  before  the  grenade  has 
been  inserted  in  the  rifle. 

2.  The  grenade  must  not  be  fired  with  a  cartridge  with  a  bullet 
in  it  (ball  cartridge),  as  this  may  burst  the  rifle. 

3.  Only  the  special  detonator  holders  and  cartridges  provided 
must  be  used. 

4.  The  rod  should  be  oiled,  but  only  slightly,  before  placing  it  in 
barrel  of  rifle. 

5.  Owing  to  the  grenade  being  armed  as  soon  as  the  safety  pin  has 
been  removed  it  is  advisable  to  fire  it  from  behind  cover. 


57 

Packing. — The  wooden  box  provided  contains  12  grenades,  12 
detonator  holders  with  detonators  in  a  tin  box,  and  12  rifle  grenade 
cartridges  in  another  tin  box. 

MILLS'  RIFLE  GRENADE,  NO.  23,  MARK  I. 

[Weight,  complete,  1  pound  8§  ounces;  mean  maximum  range  (with  6-inch  rod),. 

90  yards.] 

DESCRIPTION. 

(See  PL  E). 

Body. — This  is  a  No.  5  (Mills)  grenade  with  a  short  rod,  5^-6  inches 
long,  screwed  into  the  base  plug  of  the  grenade.  The  hole  in  the  base 
plug  is  filled  with  wax  or  luting  when  issued,  in  order  to  keep  the 
grenade  damp-proof  in  case  the  rod  is  not  required. 

Cartridge. — A  special  blank  cartridge  is  supplied  to  fire  the  gren- 
ade. 

Ring  attachment. — In  order  to  keep  the  lever  of  the  grenade  in 
place  after  the  safety  pin  has  been  removed  previous  to  firing,  a, 
ring  attachment  is  fixed  to  the  rifle  by  means  of  the  bayonet;  it  is  so 
constructed  that  it  can  be  used  either  with  the  long  or  short  bayonet.. 

This  attachment  can  not  be  used  with  the  long  rifle  (owing  to  the- 
lack  of  space  between  the  bayonet  and  the  bore  of  the  rifle).  A 
special  attachment  is  necessary  in  this  case  to  take  the  place  of  the 
bayonet. 

Action. — When  the  grenade  is  shot  out  of  the  rifle  the  lever  is  no 
longer  held  down  by  the  ring  attachment  and  the  normal  (Mills) 
grenade  action  follows. 

With  a  5^-inch  rod  the  maximum  range  is  80  yards  with  the 
rifle  at  an  elevation  of  45°. 

Variation  of  range  is  obtained  by  altering  the  elevation  of  the 
rifle.  The  rifle  may  be  fired  from  the  shoulder  or  hip,  as  there  is, 
very  little  recoil. 

The  grenade  without  the  rod  can  be  used  as  a  hand  grenade. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  prepare  for  use : 

1.  Unscrew  the  base  plug  and  insert  the  igniter. 

2.  Screw  in  the  base  plug  with  the  key  provided,  taking  care 
that  it  is  screwed  home. 

3.  When  required  as  a  rifle  grenade,  screw  in  the  short  rod. 
To  fire: 

1.  Fix  the  ring  attachment  to  the  bayonet. 

2.  Fix  the  bayonet. 


58 

3.  Lower  the  rod  into  the  rifle  until  the  grenade  is  within  the  ring 
attachment  and  the  lever  is  held  by  the  ring. 

4.  Load  the  rifle  with  the  special  cartridge. 

5.  Immediately  before  firing,  withdraw  the  safety  pin. 
Special  precautions: 

1.  When  inserting  the  igniter  see  that  the  fuze  is  not  cracked  or 
damaged,  as  this  may  accelerate  time  of  burning. 

2.  The  lever  must  be  held  securely  by  the  ring  against  the  body 
of  the  grenade. 

3.  The  safety  pin  must  not  be  withdrawn  before  the  grenade  is 
inserted  in  the  ring  attachment. 

4.  The  grenade  must  not  be  fired  with  a  cartridge  with  a  bullet 
in  it  (ball  cartridge),  as  this  may  burst  the  rifle. 

5.  The  rod  should  be  oiled,  but  only  slightly,  before  placing  it 
in  the  barrel. 

6.  The  rod  must  be  firmly  screwed  in. 

Inspection. — In  addition  to  the  points  noticed  under  No.  5  (Mills) 
.grenade : 

1.  Only  grenades  with  solid  base  plugs  should  be  used  for  rifle 
.grenades,  as  otherwise  the  rod  is  liable  to  break  the  plug  and  cause 
.a  premature. 

2.  The  hole  in  the  base  plug  should  be  filled  with  wax  or  luting. 
Packing. — The   wooden   box   provided    contains  12  grenades,  12 

igniter  sets,  12  rods,  and  12  cartridges. 

HALES  RIFLE  GRENADE  (VANELESS  IMPROVED), 
No.  24,  MARK  I. 

Description. — This  grenade  is  a  modified  form  of  No.  20,  from  which 
it  differs  in  the  following  particulars: 

(a)  The  exterior  of  the  body  is  serrated  in  horizontal  rings  only; 
there  are  no  longitudinal  serrations. 

(6)  The  releasing  socket  is  1  inch  long,  instead  of  If  inches,  and 
the  brass  base  is  correspondingly  shorter.  The  lower  end  of  the 
brass  base  is  not  belled,  so  that  the  socket  drops  oft'  about  10  yards 
from  the  rifle. 

(c)  The  detonator  container  is  2  inches  long,  instead  of  2|  inches, 
and  its  milled  top  is  a  sleeve,  instead  of  turned  out  of  the  solid. 

(d)  The  striker  is  one-half  inch  shorter  and  the  needle  point  is 
blunt. 

(e)  The  tube  up  the  center  of  the  body  is  shortened  so  that  only 
the  end  of  the  detonator  container  engages  in  it,  whereas  in  No.  20 
the  tube  comes  right  up  to  the  top  of  the  body. 

The  action  and  instructions  are  the  same  as  for  No.  20. 


59 

PIPPIN  GRENADE. 

[Weight  complete,  1  pound,  8  ounces.] 

Description. — The  bomb  consists  of  a  tin  cylinder  3  inches  in 
diameter  and  5  inches  long.  In  one  end  is  soldered  a  detonator 
tube  and  a  short  length  of  copper  vrJL  3  for  binding  purposes.  The 
cylinder  is  filled  with  red  phosphorus. 

The  bomb  when  exploded  produces  a  thick  white  smoke;  the 
phosphorus  thrown  out  causes  burns,  and  may  cause  fires. 

The  detonator  supplied  is  the  ordinary  No.  8,  fitted  with  9  seconds 
fuze  and  Brock  lighter. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  prepare  for  use:  Insert  the  detonator  in  the  detonator  tube 
and  bind  in  place  with  the  copper  wire. 

To  fire:  Tear  off  the  tape  from  Brock  lighter  and  rub  black  blob 
of  composition  so  exposed  with  the  brassard  supplied. 

Precautions:  Wherever  stored,  the  grenades  should  be  examined 
from  time  to  time  to  see  that  the  tins  have  not  become  corroded  or 
rusted  through  into  holes,  as  there  is  a  danger  of  fire  when  the  phos- 
phorus is  exposed  to  the  atmosphere. 

Packing:  The  grenades  are  packed  12  in  a  box,  which  also  con- 
tains a  tin  of  12  detonators,  fuses  and  fuse  lighters,  and  two  brassards. 


APPENDIX  IV. 

DESCRIPTION   OF  GERMAN  GRENADES  AND   INSTRUC- 
TIONS FOR  THEIR  USE. 

GENERAL   REMARKS. 

Descriptions  of  certain  German  grenades  are  given  below.  The 
first,  third,  and  fourth  are  most  commonly  found,  and  are  alone  men- 
tioned in  documents  recently  captured.  The  last,  the  hairbrush 
(improvised  hand  grenade),  was  described  in  textbooks  issued  before 
the  war. 

1.  Cylindrical  hand  grenade  with  handle  (time  fuse). 

2.  Cylindrical  hand  grenade  with  handle  (percussion). 

3.  Egg  hand  grenade. 

4.  Rifle  grenade,  1914. 

5.  Rifle  grenade,  1913. 

6.  Disk  hand  grenade. 

7.  Spherical  hand  grenade. 

8.  Parachute  grenade. 

9.  Small  tin  hand  grenade. 

10.  Cylindrical  hand  grenade  with  spring  igniter. 

11.  Hairbrush  hand  grenade  with  spring  igniter. 

German  hand  grenades  which  have  been  found  are  of  two  types: 
Those  which  have  the  appearance  of  service  articles  and  those  which 
are  obviously  improvised.  With  the  latter,  great  care  is  invariably 
taken  to  protect  the  charge  from  damp,  and  to  render  it  flashproof  by 
waxing.,  etc. 

The  hand  grenades  are  both  time  and  percussion.  With  the 
former,  the  time  of  burning  is  about  6  seconds,  and  the  fuse  is  ignited 
by  one  of  the  following  methods: 

1.  Spring  striker  and  cap.     (See  pi.  P.,  figs.  1  and  2,  and  pi.  Q.) 

2.  Friction  tube.     (See  pis.  G,  J,  and  N.) 

3.  Match-head  lighter.     (See  pi.  P,  fig.  3.) 
Attached  to  fuse  and  detonator. 

The  following  precautions  should  be  taken  with  any  grenades  that 
may  be  found  or  captured: 

1.  The  grenades  should  be  examined  at  once  by  a  bomber,  in  order 
to  find  out  whether  they  are  live,  how  they  are  fired,  etc. 

(60) 


61 

2.  The  means  of  firing  will  probably  be  immediately  apparent  to 
a  trained  bomber,  but  during  examination  grenades  should  ne 
handled  with  care. 

3.  No  man  who  does  not  understand  grenades  should  touch  them, 
but  should  report  the  presence  of  a  store  of  grenades  to  the  nearest 
bomber,  N.  C.  O.  or  officer. 

4.  When  used  against  the  enemy,  a  grenade  should  be  thrown  as 
soon  as  it  is  "lit,"  even  if  there  is  no  apparent  evidence  of  the  fuse 
burning. 

5.  Arrangements  for  removing,  storing,  or  destroying  grenades 
found  in  a  captured  position  should  be  made  as  soon  as  possible  by 
bombing  officers. 

6.  Bombing  officers  will  also  be  responsible  that,  when  samples 
of  grenades  are  taken  back  to  headquarters  for  examination,  the 
grenades  are  not  in  a  dangerous  condition,  and  the  detonators  have 
been  removed. 

1.  CYLINDRICAL  HAND  GRENADE  WITH  HANDLE  AND 
TIME  FUSE,  REGULATION  TYPE. 

STIELHANDGKANATE  B.Z.1 

[Weight,  1  pound  13  ounces.] 

DESCRIPTION. 

(See  PL  G,  figs.  1  and  2.) 

Body. — Tin  cylinder,  4  inches  by  2|  inches  diameter,  containing 
a  cartridge  of  explosive.  The  full  charge  is  300  gr.  (10.5  oz.),  but 
part  of  the  space  is  sometimes  filled  by  a  wooden  block. 

The  top  is  closed  by  a  lid  held  in  place  by  four  clips;  at  the  bottom 
there  is  a  screw-threaded  hole  to  take  the  handle.  The  bottom  of 
the  cartridge  is  fitted  with  a  paper  tube  for  the  detonator.  On  the 
side  of  the  body  there  is  a  hook,  by  means  of  which  the  grenade  can 
be  attached  to  the  belt. 

The  inscription  on  the  body,  "Vor  Gebrauch  Sprengkapsel 
einsetzen"  means  "Before  use  insert  the  detonator." 

Handle. — Wooden,  about  9  inches  long,  with  a  metal  top  screwed 
to  fit  the  body.  It  is  bored  axially  to  take  the  igniter  and  [wire  pull . 
In  the  latest  pattern  a  screwed  metal  cap  is  fitted  to  the  end,  which 
protects  the  string  loop  attached  to  the  wire  pull  (fig.  .3,  PL  G). 

i  Generally  known  as  the  "jampot  and  stick"  grenade. 


62 

Method  of  ignition. — The  means  of  ignition  consist  of  a  friction 
lighter  and  safety  fuse,  contained  in  a  cardboard  tube.  The  igniter 
is  actuated  by  pulling  a  string  loop  at  the  end  of  the  handle.  This 
loop  is  attached  to  the  wire  pull  of  the  friction  tube.  In  the  old 
pattern  the  string  loop  is  fixed  to  the  handle  by  means  of  a  paper 
band,  but  in  the  new  pattern  a  porcelain  button  is  attached  to  the 
loop  in  order  to  afford  a  better  grip ;  a  hollow  is  formed  in  the  end  of 
the  handle  and  covered  by  means  of  a  screwed  metal  or  cardboard 
cover.  When  issued  the  string  loop  and  button  are  coiled  up  in  the 
hollow  and  are  protected  by  the  cover.  The  mouth  of  the  detonator 
fits  into  a  brass  tube  at  the  top  of  the  igniter,  and  is  fired  by  the 
flash  from  a  dab  of  phosphorus  at  the  end  of  the  safety  fuse.  Time 
of  burning,  5^  or  7  seconds,  as  marked  on  the  handle. 

Safety  arrangements: 

1.  The  grenade  and  detonator  are  kept  separate  during  carriage. 

2.  The  string  loop  is  either  attached  to  the  handle  by  a  paper  band 
or  contained  in  a  metal  or  cardboard  cover.     The  paper  band  or  the 
cover  should  only  be  removed  just  before  firing. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  prepare  for  use : 

1.  Unscrew  the  handle  and  see  if  the  detonator  is  in  position;  if 
it  is,  refix  the  handle. 

2.  Hold  the  grenade  in  the  right  hand. 

3.  Tear  off  the  paper  band  with  left  hand  or  unscrew  the  metal 
cover,  or  remove  cardboard  cover,  as  the  case  may  be. 

4 .  Pull  loop  or  button  with  left  hand . 

5.  Throw  immediately. 

If  the  detonator  is  not  in  position,  search  should  be  made  for  a 
supply  of  the  proper  detonators.  Fit  the  mouth  of  the  detonator 
into  the  projecting  brass  tube,  screw  in  the  handle,  and  then  proceed 
as  in  2,  3,  4,  and  5  above. 

To  render  useless: 

1 .  Unscrew  handle ,  remove  detonator. 

2.  Pull  string  loop,  which  will  light  the  fuse,  and  throw  handle 
away. 

[Note. — The  red  grenade  found  in  some  boxes  is  a  dummy  without 
fuse,  detonator,  or  exploder.] 


63 

2.  CYLINDRICAL  HAND  GRENADE  WITH  HANDLE  (PER- 
CUSSION), REGULATION  TYPE. 

STIEL  OR  "WILHELM'S"  HANDGRANATE,  Az.1 
(Weight,  1  pound  12  ounces  or  1  pound  5  ounces. 

DESCRIPTION. 

(see  PL  H.) 

This  grenade  is  similar  in  general  outward  appearance  to  the 
"jampot  and  stick"  grenade  (time  fuse),  just  described.  The 
differences  are: 

1.  The  end  of  the  handle  (see  below),  which  may  have  a  wire 
loop  projecting  from  it. 

2.  The  diameter  of  the  cylinder  is  1  inch  greater  than  that  of  the 
time-fuse  pattern. 

3.  It  has  no  hook  on  the  side  of  the  cylinder. 

Body. — Tin  cylinder,  4  inches  long  (marked  6.2  inches  in  one 
drawing,  though  it  only  scales  4  inches)  by  3|  inches  in  diameter. 
It  contains  a  cartridge  of  7  oz.  according  to  one  account,  15.8  oz. 
according  to  another,  of  explosive.  The  top  is  closed  by  a  lid;  at 
the  bottom  there  is  a  screw-threaded  hole  to  take  the  handle.  The 
bottom  of  the  cartridge  is  recessed  and  lined  with  cardboard  to 
receive  the  detonator,  etc. 

Handle. — Partly  metal  and  partly  wood,  about  9  inches  long. 
The  metal  top  contains  the  firing  arrangements  and  is  screwed  to 
fit  the  body.  The  wooden  part  is  bored  axially  to  take  the  safety 
pin.  In  one  description  the  loop  of  the  wire  safety  pin  projects 
from  the  end  of  the  handle;  in  the  other  there  is  a  weight  attached 
to  the  end  of  the  pin  which  is  secured  in  a  metal  screw  cap  on  the 
end  of  the  handle. 

Action. — This  is  not  quite  clear  from  the  plate.  It  is  described 
as  follows:  The  firing  arrangement  consists  of  a  striker  and  a  safety 
device.  On  throwing,  the  safety  pin  is  withdrawn  by  the  weight 
flying  out  in  one  pattern,  by  hand  in  the  other;  the  spring  cover 
then  flies  off  and  withdraws  the  safety  wire  from  the  striker  bolt, 
which  is  then  only  held  by  the  ball  and  the  flat  spring.  On  strik- 
ing the  ground,  the  ball  and  flat  spring  fall  out  from  their  seatings; 

i  Two  official  descriptions  of  this  grenade  were  among  the  documents  captured  in 
August,  1916;  but  no  specimen  of  it  has  been  received  at  G.  H.  Q»  The  two  descrip- 
tions vary  slightly  as  regards  the  method  of  removing  the  safety  pin  and  the  amount 
of  explosive. 


64 

the  striker  bolt  is  therefore  free,  and  is  driven  by  its  spring  on  to 
the  cap. 

Safety  arrangements: 

1.  The  grenade  and  detonator  are  kept  separate  during  carriage. 

2.  Safety  pin  and  safety  wire  (as  described  under  "Action"). 

3.  Cord  which  holds  safety  pin  (or  cap  which  keeps  the  weight 
secured). 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  prepare  for  use: 

1.  Unscrew  the  handle  and  remove  filling  from  detonator  recess. 

2.  Insert  detonator  in  its  place  and  replace  the  handle. 
To  throw: 

1.  Remove  the  safety  cord  (or  unscrew  the  cap  on  the  end  of  the 
handle. 

2.  If  there  is  a  loop  at  the  end  of  the  safety  pin  (and  no  weight), 
place  the  little  finger  of  the  right  hand  in  the  loop. 

3.  Grasp  the  handle  with  right  hand  and  throw.     The  arm  must 
be  raised  high  and  as  much  force  as  possible  used,  even  if  the  target 
is  near;  otherwise  the  grenade  may  not  be  armed. 

To  render  useless: 

If  the  safety  pin  has  not  been  pulled  out,  unscrew  handle  and 
remove  the  detonator. 

Care  must  be  taken  in  throwing  not  to  hit  the  grenade  against 
anything  or  it  may  explode. 

As  long  as  the  safety  pin  is  in  the  handle,  the  grenade  is  safe  to 
handle  and  it  will  not  detonate  if  struck  or  allowed  to  fall. 

Blinds  are  extremely  dangerous  to  handle. 

3.  EGG  HAND  GRENADE  (EIERHANDGRANATE). 

[Weight,  11  ounces,  but  patterns  vary  slightly.1) 
Can  be  thrown  about  50  yards. 

DESCRIPTION. 
(See  pi.  J.) 

Body. — Cast  iron,  egg-shaped,  about  60  mm.  (2.3  inches)  long  by 
45  mm.  (1.77  inches)  diameter,  with  a  screwed  hole  at  one  end  to 
receive  the  igniter.  It  is  filled  with  a  special  powder  which  does 
not  require  a  detonator. 

Method  of  ignition. — The  igniter  is  a  lead  alloy  tube  which  screws 
into  the  body  and  contains  a  fuse;  on  one  end  is  fitted  a  metal  cap, 


65 

containing  the  friction  lighter,  which  is  operated  by  pulling  a  wire 
loop  either  by  hand  or  by  a  wrist  strap. 

Two  igniters  are  supplied — No.  1,  with  8  seconds  fuse  for  grenades 
thrown  by  mechanical  means;  No.  2,  with  5  seconds  fuse  for  grenades 
thrown  by  hand. 

Safety  arrangements:  The  igniter  is  carried  separate  from  the 
grenade ;  a  small  lead  plug  is  screwed  into  the  body  and  must  be  re- 
moved before  the  igniter  can  be  inserted. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  prepare  for  use: 

1.  Unscrew  and  remove  lead  plug. 

2.  Screw  in  igniter. 

It  is  important  when  screwing  in  the  igniter  to  keep  the  grenade 
upright,  so  that  no  powder  can  get  into  the  screw  threads. 

To  throw:  Pull  the  wire  loop  either  by  hand  or  by  a  wrist  strap 
and  throw  in  the  usual  way. 

To  render  useless:  Unscrew  the  igniter. 

4.  RIFLE  GRENADE,  1914.     PERCUSSION 
(GEWEHRGRANATE). 

[Weight  about  2  pounds;  maximum  mean  range,  380  yards.] 
DESCRIPTION. 

(See  pi.  K). 

Body. — Cast  iron,  0.2  inch  thick,  painted  field  gray  and  serrated 
to  give  fragments  of  sufficient  size  on  detonation.  The  charge  (2| 
ounces)  is  made  up  in  a  thin  cardboard  cylinder,  which  is  retained 
in  the  grenade  by  a  shoulder  piece  screwing  on  to  the  body.  The 
nose  of  the  grenade  is  screw- threaded  to  take  the  percussion  fuse, 
and  the  base  to  take  a  nipple  for  a  tin  disk  and  tail  rod  with  gas 
check.  Until  the  fuse  is  inserted  the  nose  is  protected  from  dust 
and  damp  by  a  plug  and  leather  washer. 

Method  of  ignition. — The  percussion  fuse  contains  an  exploding 
charge  with  detonater  and  cap.  The  last-named  is  set  off  by  a 
striker  pellet  screwed  into  the  socket  of  the  fuse.  The  needle  of 
the  pellet  is  hinged  and  lies  flat  on  top  of  the  cap  when  in  the  safety 
position,  but  is  pulled  and  maintained  erect  by  the  spring  in  the 
striker  pellet  as  soon  as  the  pellet  moves  forward  after  firing. 

97777°— 17 5 


66 

Safety  arrangements: 

1.  The  striker  pellet  is  retained  in  position  by  a  locking  ball,  which 
rests  in  a  recess  in  the  pellet.     This  ball  is  prevented  from  falling 
out  by  a  locking  ring  which 'is  held  up  by  a  flat  spring  with  curved 
ends.     On  the  rifle  being  fired' the  locking  ring  overcomes  the  spring 
and  sets  back,  and  the  locking  ball  is  driven  out  of  its  recess  by  the 
striker  pellet,  which,  acting  under  the  pressure  of  its  spring,  moves 
forward  out  of  the  body  together  with  the  nose  of  the  fuse.     At  the 
same  time  the  needle  pellet  spring  pulls  up  the  needle  into  the  firing 
position. 

2.  The  striker  pellet  is  prevented  by  its  spring  from  being  driven 
back  onto  the  cap  until  impact. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  use: 

1.  Unscrew  plug  by  means  of  the  key,  pull  the  two-pronged  safety 
pin  from  the  fuse,  and  screw  the  fuse  in  slowly  and  carefully  by  means 
of  the  key. 

2.  Lower  the  grenade  carefully  into  the  barrel. 

3.  Insert  special  cartridge  in  the  breech. 

4.  Fix  the  rifle  at  the  required  elevation. 

5.  Fire  the  rifle. 

To  render  useless:  Unscrew  fuse  from  the  grenade. 
Precautions: 

1.  A  German  rifle,  98  or  88'05  only  can  be  used. 

2.  Care  must  be  taken  that  the  grenade  is  not  dropped,  especially 
on  the  tail  rod,  as  then  it  is  liable  to  become  "live,"  and  will  there- 
fore detonate  on  firing.     It  should  be  carried  head  uppermost  by  the 
grenade,  not  by  the  rod. 

3.  The  special  rifle  grenade  cartridge  must  be  used,  and  in  no  case 
a  ball  cartridge. 

4.  Tail  rods  which  jam  or  rub  when  being  placed  in  the  barrel 
must  not  be  used,  and  no  force  is  to  be  employed. 

5.  Damp  tail  rods  should  be  dried  before  use.     All  rods  should  be 
firmly  screwed  in. 

Warning:  Grenades  with  live  fuses  should  not  be  fired  or  touched: 
They  are  easily  recognizable,  as  the  nose  of  the  fuse  will  be  found 
sticking  out  (compare  figs.  1  and  2).  Grenades  in  this  condition 
should  be  destroyed  as  soon  as  possible. 


67 

• 

5.  RIFLE  GRENADE,  1913  (PERCUSSION). 

[Weight,  about  2  pounds  complete;  charge,  3.2  ounces  explosive.    Maximum  mean 
range,  350  yards.] 

DESCRIPTION. 

(See  PI.  L.) 

Body. — Steel,  4.3  inches  long  and  0.16  inch  thick,  is  serrated 
longitudinally  and  transversely,  so  that  on  detonation  it  may  split 
up  into  fragments  of  sufficient  size.  It  is  painted  gray.  The  base 
is  closed  by  a  brass  base  cup,  which  has  screwed  into  it  a  steel  tail 
rod  18  inches  long,  with  copper  gas  check  to  take  the  grooves  of  the 
rifling.  The  rod  has  a  thin  coating  of  copper  to  protect  it  from  rust 
and  also  to  protect  the  barrel.  A  tin  disk  is  fastened  to  the  head  of 
grenade  by  the  igniter  plug  for  short  ranges. 

Method  of  ignition. — An  igniter  plug,  carrying  cap  and  detonator, 
screwed  into  the  head  of  the  grenade.  A  brass  tube  passing  through 
the  center  of  the  grenade  contains  a  striker  pellet,  with  needle  and 
creep  spring. 

Safety  arrangements: 

1.  A  powder  safety  device  is  contained  in  base  cup.     Screwed 
into  the  striker  pellet  is  a  spindle  which  passes  through  into  the 
base  cup  and  has  at  its  lower  end  a  small  platform  with  three  flash 
holes.     On  this  rests  a  pellet  of  compressed  powder,  the  object  of 
which  is  to  keep  the  striker  from  moving  forward  until  a  short  time 
after  the  grenade  has  left  the  rifle.     This  powder  is  ignited  by  means 
of  a  small  brass  pellet  with  a  cap,  which  sets  back  on  the  shock  of 
discharge,  and,  flattening  a  small  spring,  is  penetrated  by  a  needle 
on  the  screw  plug  closing  the  base  cup.     A  vent  hole  in  the  base  cup 
allows  the  escape  of  the  gases  of  combustion.     This  is  normally 
sealed  with  wax. 

2.  When  the  powder  is  burned  away  the  striker  is  only  prevented 
from  moving  forward  by  a  creep  spring,  the  resistance  of  which  is 
overcome  on  strike. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  use: 

1.  Unscrew  zinc  plug  from  the  head. 

2.  Screw  in  the  igniter  plug  (with  tin  disk  for  ranges  under  200- 
yards). 

3.  Lower  the  grenade  carefully  into  the  barrel. 

4.  Insert  a  rifle  grenade  cartridge  in  the  breech. 

5.  Fix  the  rifle  at  the  required  elevation. 

6.  Fire  the  rifle. 


68 

To  render  useless:  Unscrew  the  igniter  plug  in  the  head  of  the 
grenade,  holding  the  grenade  with  the  rod  downward. 
Precautions: 

1.  A  German  rifle  98  or  88.05  only  can  be  used. 

2.  Care  must  be  taken  that  the  grenade  is  not  dropped,  especially 
on  the  tail  rod,  as  then  it  is  liable  to  become  "live,"  and  will  there- 
fore detonate  on  firing.     Tt  should  be  carried  head  uppermost  by 
the  grenade,  not  by  the  rod. 

3.  The  special  rifle  grenade  cartridge  must  be  used,  and  in  no 
case  a  ball  cartridge. 

4.  Tail  rods  which  jam  or  rub  when  being  placed  in  the  barrel 
must  not  be  used,  and  no  force  is  to  be  employed. 

5.  Damp  tail  rods  should  be  dried  before  use.     All  rods  should 
be  firmly  screwed  in. 

[NOTE. — In  a  document  captured  September,  1916,  an  improved 
pattern  of  the  1913  rifle  grenade  is  described.  It  is  provided  with  a 
two-pronged  safety  pin  like  the  1914  pattern,  but  inserted  in  the 
brass  base  in  order  to  hold  the  striker  pellet  from  moving.  This 
safety  pin  must  be  removed  before  firing.  See  Plate  L.] 

The  following  warning  is  also  given:  "After  taking  the  grenade 
from  the  box  it  should  be  examined  to  see  that  the  gas  escape  hole 
is  closed  and  has  not  been  blackened  by  the  burning  of  the  powder 
pellet.  Grenades  in  which  this  has  happened  are  dangerous  and 
must  not  be  used." 

6.    DISK      HAND      GKENADE.      PERCUSSION.      (DISKUS- 
HANDGKANATE,  1915.) 

There  are  two  patterns,  one  weighing  15  ounces  and  the  other 
slightly  smaller,  13£  ounces.  The  former  is  made  of  sheet  metal 
and  is  for  throwing  in  the  open;  the  latter  is  of  cast  iron  and  should 
only  be  thrown  from  behind  cover. 

DESCRIPTION  (SEE  PL.  M). 

Body. — Two  iron  shells,  convex  on  the  outside  and  with  the  edges 
either  turned  over  or  riveted.  It  contains  two  circular  bags  of  ex- 
plosive, each  containing  2  ounces. 

Method  of  ignition. — Consists  of  six  metal  tubes  in  the  shape  of  a 
star,  meeting  at  the  center  of  the  grenade  plug.  Four  of  these  tubes 
carry  striker  pellets  with  caps  at  the  inner  ends,  and  opposite  to 
each  cap  is  one  of  the  points  of  a  four-pointed  star.  The  outer  end 
of  each  of  these  tubes  is  closed  by  a  screwed  plug.  One  of  the  re- 


69 

maining  two  tubes  carries  the  detonator,  of  which  the  inner  end  is 
open.  This  tube  is  closed  by  a  screwed  plug  with  milled  head 
with  the  letter  "  S  "  on  it. 

Safety  arra?igement. — The  sixth  tube  contains  a  safety  pellet 
divided  into  two  prongs,  one  of  which  passes  on  each  side  of  the  star 
and  protects  the  points.  This  pellet  is  retained  in  its  position  by  a 
cap  which  closes  the  outer  end  of  this  tube.  The  cap  is  secured  to 
the  tube  either  by  clips  or  by  a  safety  pin  with  ring. 

Action  during  flight. — Owing  to  the  grenade  turning  over,  the 
safety  pellet  flies  out  and  the  grenade  becomes  sensitive.  When 
the  edge  of  the  grenade  strikes  the  target  the  corresponding  striker 
pellet  drives  the  cap  forward  on  to  the  point  of  the  star.  The  flash 
passes  into  the  detonator  and  explodes  the  charge.  A  low  or  hori- 
zontal throw  may  cause  a  failure.  On  detonation  the  fragments 
fly  out  laterally,  and  not  to  the  front  or  rear 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  prepare  for  use: 

1.  Hold  the  grenade  in  the  right  hand,  safety  pin  upwards. 

2.  Pull  out  the  safety  pin  with  the  left  hand. 

3.  Pull  off  the  cap  and  hold  the  safety  pellet  in  position  with  the 
right  forefinger.     (If  necessary,  the  safety  pin  can  be  replaced.) 

4.  Throw  the  grenade  as  high  as  possible,  taking  care  that  the  edge 
is  vertical. 

These  grenades  can  also  be  thrown  with  the  strap  provided  in  each 
box,  but  this  method  requires  considerable  practice. 
To  render  useless: 

1.  Unscrew  the  plug  of  the  tube,  marked  "S,"  opposite  to  the 
safety  pin. 

2.  Remove  detonator. 
Warning: 

Blinds  are  dangerous.  As  soon  as  any  part  of  the  safety  pellet 
projects  there  is  chance  of  detonation. 

[NOTE. — The  red  grenade  to  be  found  in  every  box  is  a  dummy 
for  practice.] 


70 

7.  SPHERICAL  HAND  GRENADE, 

[Weight,  1  pound  10  ounces.] 
Can  be  thrown  about  30  yards. 

DESCRIPTION. 

(See  pi.  N.) 

Body. — Spherical,  about  3  inches  in  diameter,  made  of  cast  iron 
about  one-third  inch  thick,  and  is  filled  with  black  powder  or  other 
explosive  which  does  not  require  a  detonator.  The  body  is  coated 
with  varnish  inside  and  out. 

Method  of  ignition. — Combination  of  friction  tube,  lighter,  and  fuse. 
The  friction  tube  is  fired  by  pulling  out  the  wire  in  the  direction  of 
the  axis  of  the  tube.  (See  fig.  2.)  A  wrist  strap  with  a  swivel  hook 
is  usually  provided  for  this  purpose.  Time  of  burning,  seven  sec- 
onds. A  similar  lighter  which  burns  for  five  seconds  is  also  pro- 
vided. It  is  distinguishable  by  the  head  of  the  fuse  being  painted 
red.  . 

Safety  arrangements: 

1.  Grenade  and  fuse  kept  separate  during  carriage. 

2.  The  vent  for  the  fuse  in  the  grenade  is  closed  by  means  of  a 
-zinc  plug. 

3.  The  holes  A  and  B  (see  fig.  2)  in  the  lighter  are  covered  with 
waterproof  paper. 

4.  The  wire  is  bent  in  order  to  prevent  a  direct  pull. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  prepare  for  use: 

1.  Take  the  lighter,  remove  the  oiled  paper  from  A  and  B  and 
.straighten  the  wire,  taking  care  not  to  pull  it. 

2.  Insert  the  lighter. 
To  throw: 

1.  Put  on  the  wrist  strap. 

2.  Hold  the  grenade  in  the  right  hand,  with  the  igniter  toward 
the  wrist. 

3.  Hook  the  swivel  at  the  end  of  the  strap  onto  the  wire  pull  of 
the  grenade.  ' 

4.  Throw  the  grenade. 

If  a  strap  is  not  provided,  a  nail  or  a  loop  of  string  should  be  passed 
through  the  wire  pull. 
To  render  useless: 


71 

1.  Bend  the  wire  down  if  it  is  straightened,  taking  care  not  to 
pull  it. 

2.  Unscrew  the  lighter. 

3.  Shake  out  the  contents  of  the  grenade. 

8.  PARACHUTE  GRENADE  (PERCUSSION). 

DESCRIPTION. 

(See  pi.  O.) 

Body. — Painted  black,  consists  of  a  tin  cylinder  of  explosive  with 
hemispherical  head  of  larger  diameter  containing  shrapnel  bullets. 
A  buffer  cylinder  passes  through  the  body  and  projects,  so  as  to 
produce  the  explosion  slightly  above  ground.  The  base  of  the  body 
is  closed  by  a  wooden  plug  at  the  handle.  A  parachute  safety 
arrangement  is  attached  to  the  head  of  the  handle  in  order  to  prevent 
fragments  flying  to  the  rear  on  explosion,  and  also  to  cause  the  grenade 
to  fall  on  its  head. 

Method  of  ignition. — 1.  The  detonator  in  the  buffer  cylinder  sup- 
ported by  the  screwed  plug  at  the  end.     2.  The  striker  pellet  with 
point  and  spiral  spring. 
Safety  arrangements : 

1.  A  cord  7  meters  long,  which  normally  is  coiled  up  inside  the 
handle,  is  attached  to  a  long  needle  passing  down  the  percussion 
pellet.     A  safety  hook  retains  a  ring  attached  to  the  end  of  the 
striker  pellet  and  the  needle  passes  through  a  hole  in  this  hook. 
After  the  first  7  meters  of  the  flight,  the  jerk  on  the  cord  pulls  out 
the  needle,  and  the  safety  hook  is  thus  free  to  fall  out  sideways  and 
so  allow  the  percussion  pellet  to  move  forward  on  concussion. 

2.  Keep  pin  and  creep  spring.     The  former  prevents  the  percus- 
sion pellet  from  falling  back. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  prepare  for  use : 

1.  Unscrew  the  plug  in  the  head. 

2.  Place  in  the  detonator,  fulminate  downwards. 

3.  Screw  in  the  plug. 
To  throw: 

1.  Tear  off  the  band  holding  the  parachute. 

2.  Holding  the  loop  of  the  cord  firmly  with  the  first  and  second 
fingers  of  the  right  hand,  take  out  the  plug  from  the  handle,  unwind- 
ing as  short  a  length  as  possible  of  the  cord. 

3.  Hold  the  grenade  in  the  right  hand. 


72 

4.  Retaining  the  loop  of  the  cord,  throw  the  grenade  so  that  it  will 
reach  a  height  of  12  or  13  feet. 
To  render  useless : 

Unscrew  the  plug  and  remove  the  detonator. 

The  grenades  may  be  found  "live,"  in  which  case  1,2,  and  3  have 
already  been  done. 

This  grenade  can  be  used  in  attack  or  defense,  but  it  is  particu- 
larly designed  for  the  former,  as  the  fragments  are  projected  in  a 
forward  direction  only,  and  so  are  not  dangerous  to  the  throwers. 
The  safety  arrangements  prevent  the  grenade  from  becoming  dan- 
gerous until  it  has  flown  about  7  meters. 

9.  SMALL  TIN  HAND  GRENADE. 

[Weight,  12  ounces.] 
DESCRIPTION. 

(See  PL  P,  figs.  3  and  4.) 

Body. — Tin  case,  4|  inches  by  lf£  by  lf&,  filled  with  explosive. 

Method  of  ignition. — Combined  match-head  igniter,  fuse, 'and 
detonator  (see  fig.  3). 

The  match-head  igniter  consists  of  a  small  lead  tube  closed  at 
one  end  with  a  ball  of  red  phosphorus,  varnished,  and  covered  with 
oiled  paper. 

A  piece  of  safety  fuse  is  pushed  home  and  secured  in  position  by 
crimping  the  tube  around  it;  the  detonator  is  fixed  to  the  other  end 
of  the  fuse  in  a  similar  manner. 
Safety  arrangements : 

1.  The  grenade  and  igniter  are  kept  separate  during  carriage  and 
a  wooden  plug  is  put  into  the  grenade  in  place  of  the  detonator. 

2.  The  phosphorus  head  is  protected  from  friction  and  damp  by 
water-proof  paper. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

To  prepare  for  use: 

Take  out  the  wooden  plug  (if  necessary  use  the  rectifier)  and  insert 
the  igniter.  The  igniter  is  kept  in  place  by  the  lead  tube  fitting 
tightly  into  its  seating;  the  joint  should  be  waxed. 

Tear  off  the  paper  cover  from  the  lighter. 

Hold  the  grenade  in  the  right  hand,  rub  the  match  head  with 
some  rough  material  (side  of  match  box,  etc.);  a  wind-match  or 
pocket-lighter  may  be  used  instead. 

Throw  immediately. 

Time  of  burning,  6  seconds. 

To  render  useless:  Take  out  igniter  and  fill  up  hole  with  mud,  etc. 


73 

10.  CYLINDRICAL    HAND     GRENADE    WITH    SPRING 
IGNITER,  CHARGED  WITH  MISSILES,  ETC. 

[Weight,  2J  pounds.] 
DESCRIPTION  (see  pi.  P,  figs.  1  and  2). 

Body. — Cylindrical  tin  of  explosive,  2  inches  diameter,  placed  in 
a  tin  3  inches  diameter,  the  space  between  being  filled  with  nails, 
scrap  iron,  etc.  The  bottom  is  closed  by  a  wooden  plug,  in  which  a 
small  hole  is  bored  for  the  detonator.  The  handle  is  of  wood,  8| 
inches  long,  the  head  of  which  forms  the  wooden  base  plug.  To 
secure  the  body  to  the  handle,  the  edge  of  the  outer  cylinder  of  the 
body  is  turned  down  over  the  base  plug. 

Method  of  ignition. — Consists  of  a  spring,  striker,  and  cap,  incased 
in  brass  tube,  fastened  to  the  handle  by  a  steel  band.  Fuse  and 
detonator  are  attached  in  the  usual  way. 

The  spring  is  compressed  by  a  collar  at  the  end  of  the  striker  rod. 
The  rod  is  held  back  by  a  safety  pin  passing  through  it  at  the  end  of 
the  case.  As  soon  as  the  pin  is  released,  the  striker  flies  forward  and 
fires  the  cap,  thus  lighting  the  fuse. 

This  spring  lighter  is  used  in  most  of  the  German  extemporized 
hand  grenades,  land  mines,  charges  for  destroying  dugouts,  etc. 

Fuse,  about  2  inches  long.     Time  of  burning,  6  seconds. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 

(a)  To  prepare  for  use : 

1.  Hold  the  grenade  in  the  right  hand. 

2.  Withdraw  the  safety  pin. 

3.  Throw  at  once. 

(6)  To  render  useless: 

1.  Remove  the  handle  and  base  plug  by  raising  the  turned-down 
edge  of  the  cylinder.    This  must  be  done  very  carefully. 

2.  Empty  the  contents  of  the  body. 


74 

10.— HAIRBRUSH      HAND    GRENADE    WITH    SPRING 
IGNITER. 

[Weight,  2}  pounds.] 
DESCRIPTION  (see  pi.  P,  figs.  1  and  2.) 

Body. — Tin  box,  2|  inches  by  2|  inches  by  6  inches,  filled  with 
explosive.  This  box  is  nailed  onto  a  wooden  handle.  Length,  com- 
plete, 15  inches. 

Method  of  ignition. — Spring  igniter,  fuse,  and  detonator,  similar  to 
that  used  in  the  cylindrical  grenade  with  spring  igniter.  The 
igniter  is  kept  in  position  by  means  of  a  zinc  band  screwed  onto  the 
handle. 

Safety  arrangements  and  instructions. — As  for  cylindrical  hand 
grenade  with  spring  igniter  see  9  above. 


APPENDIX  V, 

'SUMMARY  OF  INSTRUCTIONS  ISSUED  BY  A  BRIGADE 
FOR  THE  SUPPLY  OF  GRENADES  IN  A  GENERAL 
ATTACK. 

[NOTE. — These  instructions,  which  were  issued  for  the  attack  on 
July  1, 1916,  are  only  to  be  taken  as  a  general  guide  on  the  points  on 
which  instructions  should  be  issued.] 

Equipment. — The  following  number  of  grenades  will  be  carried 
by  the  personnel  of  bombing  squads : 


Mills. 

Rifle 
grenades. 

Smoke 
bombs. 

Noncommissioned  officers  

6 

4 

2 

2  bayonet  men  . 

12 

4 

2  throwers 

24 

4 

24 

t. 

'2  rifle  bombers  .  .        ... 

g 

20 

74 

24 

14 

These  grenades  will  be  dumped  near  the  billets  to  be  occupied 
by  the  brigade  prior  to  the  commencement  of  operations.  When 
once  they  have  been  distributed  they  become  part  of  the  men's 
equipment.  The  man  himself  should  see  that  his  grenades  are 
ready  for  immediate  use  and  all  safety  pins  easy  of  removal. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  every  Infantry  soldier  will  receive  two 
Mills  grenades.  The  requisite  number  of  grenades  will  be  issued  to 
battalions  previous  to  operations  and  will  become  part  of  their  equip- 
ment. The  grenades  should  be  carried  in  the  lower  pockets  of  the 
jacket  and  be  carefully  inspected  by  the  platoon  officer  Concerned. 

Grenade  stores. — The  following  grenade  stores  will  be  established: 

Mills. 


Right  battalion,  at 1,  000 

Center  battalion,  at '. 2,  000 

Left  battalion,  at: 1,  000 

Left  battalion,  at 2,  000 


16,000 


(75) 


76 


In  addition  there  will  be  a  reserve  of  2,000  rifle  grenades  (1,000 
short  and  1,000  long)  and  1,000  smoke  bombs  distributed  between 
the  above  stores. 

The  main  supply  of  grenades  to  the  brigade  during  operations  will 
be  maintained  by  the  divisional  store  at . 

Total  number  of  grenades  with  the  brigade  at  commencement  of 
operations: 


Mills. 

Rifle 
grenades. 

Smoke 
bombs. 

(a)  With  bombing  squads.  .. 

4,736 

1,536 

896 

(6)  2  per  man 

5  600 

(c)  Stores  

16,000 

2,000 

1,000 

26,336 

3,536 

1,896 

Battalion  bombing  officers  will  be  responsible  for  the  establish- 
ment of  advanced  battalion  stores  in  the  captured  trenches  as  early 
as  possible. 

Carriers. — Officers  commanding  companies  will  be  responsible  for 
organizing  the  flow  of  grenades  from  the  advanced  store  to  forward 
parties;  the  battalion  bombing  officer  will  be  responsible  for  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  advanced  store  in  the  captured  trenches,  for  in- 
forming officers  commanding  companies  of  the  position  of  the  ad- 
vanced store,  and  for  the  supply  of  grenades  from  the  battalion  store 
to  the  advanced  store.  The  approximate  position  of  the  advanced 
store  should  be  decided  beforehand. 

The  brigade  bombing  officer  is  responsible  for  the  flow  of  grenades 
from  the  brigade  store  to  the  battalion  store  and  for  the  fusing  of  all 
grenades  before  they  leave  the  brigade  store. 

To  give  effect  to  this  system — 

In  each  platoon  five  men  will  be  told  off,  in  addition  to  the  com- 
pany bombers,  to  act  as  carriers  if  required.  They  will  wear  a, 
special  distinguishing  mark. 

From  each  battalion  store  the  battalion  bombing  officer  and  a 
party  will  work  forward  to  establish  an  advanced  store,  a  noncom- 
missioned officer  from  the  brigade  will  be  at  each  battalion  store  to 
supervise  the  maintenance  of  supply  from  the  brigade  store. 

At  the  brigade  store  will  be  the  brigade  bombing  officer  and  his 
party,  fusing  and  carrying  forward  to  battalion  stores. 

The  brigade  will  be  represented  by  two  men  in  the  divisional 
store. 


77 

Method  of  carrying. — One  hundred  spare  bags  will  be  kept  in  each 
battalion  store  and  200  in  the  advanced  brigade  store.  One  thou- 
sand grenades  in  each  store  will  be  ready  in  bags.  It  will  be  left  to 
the  discretion  of  the  noncommissioned  officer  or  officer  in  charge 
whether  grenades  are  sent  forward  in  bags  or  boxes. 

Indents. — All  indents  for  grenades  to  brigade  advanced  store  must 
bear  the  following  details: 

(a)  Unit. 

(6)  Type  and  number  required. 

(r)  Destination. 

(d)  Urgency  or  whether  merely  to  complete  establishment. 

Supplies  to  battalions  Mill,  in  every  case,  be  dealt  with  first. 

Fused  grenades. — All  grenades  in  stores  previous  to  the  operations 
will  be  fused,  and  the  safety  pins  of  No.  5  Mills  bombs  will  be  care- 
fully inspected. 

.Mobile  reserve. — The  battalion  mobile  reserve  wagons  will  be 
brigaded  during  operations  and  will  be  prepared,  if  necessary,  to 
dump  the  grenades  at  the  brigade  advanced  store,  and  afterwards  to 
ply  between  the  divisional  store  and  the  brigade  store.  The  latter 
in  the  event  of  the  tram  route  being  destroyed. 

Battalion  bombing  officers  will  see  that  the  grenades  in  the  wagons 
are  carefully  inspected  beforehand.  These  grenades  will  not  be 
fused . 

The  route  from  divisional  store  to  brigade  advanced  store  should 
be  reconnoitered. 


APPENDIX   VI. 

GERMAN  GRENADE  TACTICS. 

[Translation  of  a  German  document.] 
I.  BOMBING  PARTIES. 

:-Jrd  Battn.,  235th  Res.  Inf.  Regt. 

12  ih  December,  1915. 

The  bombing  party  (Handgranatentrupp)  operates,  as  a  unit,, 
chiefly  in  the  trench  itself,  its  action  being  both  offensive  and  de- 
fensive; the  manner  in  which  it  should  be  stationed  and  distributed, 
employed,  armed,  led,  and  safeguarded  must  be  regulated  accord- 
ingly. 

Men  selected  for  this  work  should  be  courageous  and  expert  hand- 
grenade  throwers.  They  should  wear  a  distinctive  badge.  In  each 
platoon  there  is  a  bombing  party  consisting  of  six  men,  including 
their  commander.  When  one  of  these  men  becomes  a  casualty,  a 
substitute  should  be  ready  to  take  his  place.  The  bombing  party 
should  be  stationed  approximately  in  the  center  of  the  platoon. 
Boxes  containing  grenades  should  be  placed  near  the  party;  they 
should  be  clearly  marked  as  containing  grenades  and  should  be 
reserved  for  the  use  of  the  party  in  the  first  instance. 

(a)  Should  the  enemy  have  penetrated  into  a  small  portion  of  the 
trench,  and  should  the  troops  on  the  spot  not  be  able  to  deal  with 
him  by  means  of  the  bayonet  or  hand  grenades,  the  bombing  party 
should,  without  waiting  for  orders,  immediately  attack  the  enemy 
with  grenades  before  it  becomes  necessary  to  erect  a  barricade  in  the 
trench.  On  a  signal  from  their  commander,  the  men  of  the  bomb- 
ing party  equip  themselves  with  hand  grenades  and  collect  round 
him. 

All  men  of  the  party  carry  their  rifles  slung,  bayonets  fixed,  and 
daggers  ready,  with  the  exception  of  the  two  leaders  who  do  not 
carry  rifles.  The  latter  carry  as  many  grenades  as  they  can  con- 
veniently handle  and  should,  if  possible,  be  armed  with  pistols. 
The  commander,  similarly  armed,  follows  the  two  leading  men.  If 
no  pistols  are  available,  the  commander,  who  should  cover  the  two 
leading  men,  carries  his  rifle  ready  loaded  in  his  hands.  The  re- 
maining three  men  follow  the  others  a  traverse  in  rear.  They  keep 

(78) 


79 

within  sight  of  their  commander  and  carry  as  many  grenades  as- 
possible.  When  possible  the  grenades  are  carried  in  their  boxes. 
The  two  leading  men  advance  along  the  trench  in  a  crouching 
position,  so  that  the  commander  can  fire  over  them.  The  interval 
between  traverses  is  crossed  by  a  rush. 

(6)  If  the  enemy  has  penetrated  into  the  trench  with  a  large  force- 
and  a  continuation  of  his  attack  is  to  be  expected,  as  good  a  barricade 
as  circumstances  permit  should  be  erected.  The  bombing  party 
should  at  first  remain  on  the  defensive  in  rear  of  this  barricade  or 
behind  a  breastwork.  Rifles  should  be  unslung  ready  for  use.  The 
commander  and  the  three  rear  men  should  take  up  their  position 
behind  the  nearest  traverse  and  within  sight  of  the  two  leading 
men. 

Bombing  parties  belonging  to  the  platoons  in  support  and  in 
reserve  should  be  stationed  somewhere  in  the  vicinity  of  the  com- 
munication trenches,  and  should  be  brought  up  to  a  strength  of 
eight  men,  including  the  commander. 

[Translation  of  a  German  document,  dated  28,  2, 1916.] 
II.  TRAINING  IN  THE  USE  OP  HAND  GRENADES. 

(Supplementary  orders  to  those  issued  by  the  One  hundred  and 
eightieth  Regiment,  No.  729  of  6,  2,  1916.) 

In  training  men  for  grenade  fighting  the  following  points  are  to- 
be  noted : 

1.  During  practice  with  dummy  grenades  the  thrower  must  al- 
ways act  as  if  using  live  grenades  and  think  of  the  timing,  so- 
that  when  using  live  ones  he  is  able  to  make  the  necessary  pause; 
counting,  e.  g.,  "zwei  und  zwanzig"  (22),  "drei  und  zwanzig"  (23), 
"vier  und  zwanzig"  (24),  appears  practical.     These  three  numbers 
give  the  correct  amount  of  pause  approximately. 

As  a  general  rule,  the  grenades  are  thrown  too  soon.  It  must  be 
made  clear  to  the  bombers  that  this  practice  is  quite  wrong  and  can 
have  disastrous  results;  for  the  enemy  has  time  to  avoid  grenades  or 
to  throw  them  back  or  to  one  side  as  the  case  may  be. 

2.  When  the  bombing  squads  of  the  platoons  are  fully  trained,  a. 
second  squad  of  each  platoon  is  to  be  formed  and  trained.     The 
first  and  chief  bombing  squads  of  platoons  are,  however,  to  be  given 
further  training  every  14  days.     Lieut.  Helferich  will  report  to  me 
when  he  considers  the  bombing  squads  of  the  various  companies 
fully  trained.     I  shall  then  take  steps  to  verify  this. 


80 


3.  The  bombing  squads  and  also  the  first  squad  of  the  bombing 
platoon  are  to  be  armed  and  equipped  as  follows: 

Nos.  1-4.  Pistol,  dagger,  and  6  grenades  each. 
Nos.  5-8.  Rifle,  6  grenades,  and  25  sandbags  each. 

4.  Trench  tactics  will  be  practiced  as  shown  below: 


013 


81 

No.  1.  Thrower. 

No.  2.  Carrier. 

No.  3.  Thrower. 

No.  4.  Carrier. 

L.  Leader. 

Nos.  5  and  6.  Carriers. 

Nos.  7  and  8.  Spare  men. 

It  is  essential  to  keep  the  men  extended  in  order  to  facilitate 
freedom  of  action  and  to  enable  them  to  dodge  the  enemy's  grenades, 
but  care  must  be  taken  that  cohesion  is  not  sacrificed  in  consequence. 

Each  squad  must  be  so  trained  that  every  man  can  take  the  place 
of  any  other  in  it. 

The  leading  man  (No.  1)  only  will  throw,  the  carrier  (No.  2) 
will  prepare  the  grenades. 

Two  cases  may  arise  when  Nos.  2  and  3  will  also  throw — (a)  At 
the  moment  of  making  an  attack  in  order  to  surprise  and  confuse  the 
enemy  with  a  sudden  shower  of  grenades.  As  soon  as  the  attack  is 
in  progress  Nos.  2  and  3  will  cease  throwing.  (6)  When  the  resist- 
ance is  too  strong  for  the  leading  thrower  to  overcome  it  by  himself. 

5.  The  sandbags  carried  by  Nos.  5-8  serve  for  the  rapid  construc- 
tion of  a  barricade  which  is  held  with  rifles. 

One  man,  by  means  of  his  haversack  strap,  can  easily  carry  25 
sandbags  on  his  back  and,  with  rifle  slung,  experiences  little  incon- 
venience. 

6.  The  greatest  attention  is  to  be  paid  to  the  instruction  of  the 
leaders,  for  they  will  have  to  act  on  their  own  initiative  in  most 
circumstances. 

In  the  bombing  platoon  the  position  of  the  platoon  commander 
varies  with  the  situation,  but,  as  a  general  rule,  the  most  suitable 
position  would  be  with  No.  3  group. 

7.  In  trench  fighting  the  platoon  commander  or  squad  leader 
must  pay  particular  attention  to  the  following  points: 

(a)  See  that  every  man  is  provided  with  six  grenades. 

(6)  See  that  there  is  no  crowding,  in  order  to  minimize  the  risk 
of  casualties  from  a  well-aimed  enemy  bomb.  There  is  always 
danger  of  crowding  during  a  check  in  the  advance. 

(c)  When  the  resistance  of  the  enemy  is  not  too  great,  the  advance 
must  always  be  continuous.  Special  attention  must  be  paid  to  the 
supply  of  grenades. 

(</)  As  soon  as  a  traverse  has  been  taken  No.  2  calls  out  "Cleared  " 
(Geraumt),  the  squad  leader  gives  the  command,  "Advance" 

97777°— 17 6 


82 

(Vor).     Every  section  of  the  trench  captured  must  be  at  once  occu- 
pied by  riflemen. 

(e)  The  squad  leader  must  be  provided  with  small  white  flags 
which  he  will  place  at  intervals  on  the  top  of  traverses  to  mark  the 
progress  of  the  attack.  This  will  prevent  bombing  parties  which 
are  working  up  the  same  trench  in  opposite  directions  from  bombing 
each  other  by  accident. 

Small  white  flags  will  be  made  and  taken  with  the  men  when  they 
carry  out  training. 

(/)  Should  the  resistance  of  the  enemy  be  so  strong  that  further 
advance  is  impossible  even  with  the  help  of  Nos.  2  and  3,  the  con- 
struction of  a  barricade  must  be  proceeded  with  at  once.  The  squad 
leader  will  give  the  command,  "Sandbags  up"  (Sandsacke  vor). 
The  platoon  commander  can  then  decide  whether  it  is  possible  to 
relieve  the  bombing  squad  and  continue  the  attack,  or  whether  to 
call  a  halt  in  the  operations. 

The  construction  of  a  barricade  at  al  will  be  scarcely  possible, 
owing  to  the  number  of  the  enemy's  grenades  which  are  being 
thrown,  more  especially  if  our  intention  is  known  to  him. 

The  barricade  will,  therefore,  be  built  at  a,  and,  if  possible,  the 
space  a-b  will  be  roofed  over  with  stout  planks  as  a  protection 
against  grenades. 

Nos.  1-4  will  hold  back  the  enemy  until  the  barricade  is  com- 
pleted. 

(g)  Should  it  be  necessary  to  block  a  communication  trench,  a 
good  thrower  at  a  will  give  the  necessary  protection  to  the  remainder, 
who  will  build  the  barricade  at  6. 

8.  The  question  of  the  supply  of  hand  grenades  is  of  the  utmost 
importance. 

(a)  Supply  during  an  attack  across  the  open. — If  the  first  wave  of 
the  assault  has  succeeded  in  entering  the  enemy's  trench,  communi- 
cation to  the  rear  must  be  kept  up  so  that  sandbags,  containing 
about  six  grenades  each,  can  be  passed  forward  continuously. 

(6)  Supply  in  the  trench. — No.  1  (thrower)  will  only  use  the 
grenades  which  are  passed  up  to  him — never  his  own,  which  must 
be  kept  as  a  reserve  for  an  emergency. 

In  grenadier  platoons  every  squad,  except  the  first,  must  be 
provided  with  a  small  box  of  grenades  or  with  three  or  four  sand- 
bags each  containing  six  grenades.  The  passing  up  of  grenades 
should  be  thoroughly  practiced. 

(Signed)  FISCHER. 


83 


84 

[Captured  German  document,  dated  February,  1916.] 
III.  HAND  GRENADE  TRAINING. 

Training  in  fighting  at  close  range  with  hand  grenades  will  be 
carried  out  by  officers  who  are  acquainted  with  all  the  details  of 
this  weapon  and  have  had  practical  experience  of  its  use  in  the 
field.  The  officers  have  first  to  train  the  men  detailed  as  bombers 
and  then  to  occupy  themselves  with  the  further  individual  training 
of  the  bombing  squad. 

Training  takes  place  on  ground  specially  set  aside  for  the  pur- 
pose (Handgranatenstand),  where  the  precautions  for  safety  laid 
down  in  instructions  "Hand  and  Rifle  Grenades,"  page  28A,  are 
properly  carried  out,  and  where  various  targets  (trenches  with  loop- 
holes and  entanglements,  sapheads,  machine-gun  emplacements, 
farm  buildings,  and  firing  lines  represented  by  screens)  are  provided . 
The  course  of  training  will  be  divided  into  the  following  parts,  viz:^ 

(a)  Instructions  in  the  various  patterns  and  construction  o 
grenades,  the  nature  and  effect  of  the  explosive  and  detonators 
employed,  storing,  fuzing,  carrying  and  using  bombs  and  precau- 
tionary measures  to  be  taken. 

(6)  Drill  with  unfuzed  practice  hand  grenades.  Officers  should 
next  instruct  the  men  individually  in  bomb  throwing  at  a  specified 
range  at  different  targets.  Men  should  be  practiced  in  throwing 
when  standing,  kneeling,  and  lying,  and  finally  actually  in  trenches. 
The  bombing  section  should  be  instructed  in  grenade  throwing  in 
specified  cases,  such  as  attacking  a  trench,  bombing  a  trench,  assault- 
ing fortified  buildings,  machine-gun  emplacements,  etc.  Men 
should  be  practiced  in  springing  out  of  trenches,  doubling,  throwing 
themselves  down,  springing  up,  pulling  the  friction  lighter  on  a 
.signal  or  whistle,  throwing  and  lying  down  again,  etc.  From  the 
start  particular  attention  should  be  paid  to  making  the  man  take 
the  grenade  in  the  same  hand  as  he  uses  for  throwing  it  (left-handed 
men  in  the  left  hand)  and  using  the  other  to  pull  the  friction  lighter, 
so  that  time  (5J  seconds)  required  for  throwing  the  bomb  may  not 
be  cut  short  or  even  entirely  used  in  changing  hands  after  lighting 
the  bomb. 

(c)  Drill  with  fuzed  practice  hand  grenades. 

Men  should  only  proceed  to  practice  with  live  bombs  after  ease, 
assurance,  and  safety  in  the  former  practices  have  been  attained. 
As  the  detonator  bursts  the  shell  of  the  grenade  and  can  send  frag- 
ments flying,  great  caution  should  be  observed.  These  practices 
should  teach  the  men  to  estimate  the  duration  of  the  fuze  and  enable 


85 


86 

/ 

them  to  choose  the  proper  moment  for  throwing.  The  habit  which 
has  arisen  in  various  places  of  making  the  man  count  three  or  five 
before  throwing  is  absolutely  forbidden.  The  habit  may  lead  to 
the  man's  counting  so  slowly  that  the  bomb  actually  goes  off  in  his 
hand.  Haste  and  exaggerated  speed  in  throwing  are,  however, 
quite  wrong.  The  man  in  his  anxiety  is  likely  to  throw  wide.  The 
length  of  the  fuse  (5J  seconds)  gives  time  for  pulling  the  friction 
lighter  and  proper  aiming  and  throwing.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
5£  seconds  is  purposely  short  so  that  the  enemy  can  not  have  time 
to  pick  up  the  grenade  and  throw  it  back. 

After  assurance  in  practices  (6)  and  (c)  has  been  gained,  classes 
may  proceed  to  (c?). 

(</)  Practice  with  live  bombs.  In  accordance  with  regulations 
for  safety  (Instructions  "Hand  and  Rifle  Grenades,"  p.  28A),  only 
one  man  will  throw,  the  others  taking  cover.  Every  man,  before 
being  regarded  as  properly  trained,  must  have  thrown  several  bombs 
successfully.  Officers  intrusted  with  the  training  of  bombers  will 
inspect  the  storing  and  safe-keeping  of  hand  grenades  in  the  front 
trenches  and  in  their  depots,  and  will  see  that  bombs  which  have  be- 
come unusable  are  duly  replaced.  For  depots  connected  with 
pioneer  parks  the  pioneer  officers  concerned  are  responsible. 

On  behalf  of  the  army  commander. 

The  Chief  of  the  General  Staff. 

ILSE. 

H.  Q.,  XIII  Army  Corps. 

G.  H.  Q.,  22.2.16: 
VI.  TRAINING. 

Training  will  be  carried  out  within  the  company  under  the  com- 
pany commander.  As  a  general  rule,  all  officers,  noncommissioned 
officers,  and  men  should  be  instructed.  The  senior  officers — e.  g., 
battalion  commanders — will  insure  that  the  training  carried  out  by 
companies  is  adequate. 

A  bombing  field  will  be  laid  out  in  the  vicinity  of  all  billets. 
Practices  should  be  carried  out  according  to  the  experiences  of 
actual  fighting  and  made  as  varied,  stimulating,  and  instructive  as 
possible.  The  main  purpose  of  the  training  is  to  make  a  man  con- 
fident in  the  use  of  what  at  first  appears  to  him  a  most  uncanny 
weapon,  and  to  convince  him  of  its  great  effect  when  properly  used. 
Competitions  in  throwing  between  companies,  battalions,  and 
regiments  will  do  much  to  promote  efficiency. 


87 

Particular  attention  is  drawn  to  the  regulations  of  the  Gen.  Kdr. 
concerning  the  observance  of  precautionary  measures  during  prac- 
tices in  live  bomb  throwing. 

The  specially  picked  bombing  section  mentioned  in  A.  O.  K.  4 
will  provide  a  bombing  squad  in  each  platoon,  one  noncommis- 
sioned officer,  and  eight  men  strong,  who  should  be  chosen  for  their 
coolness  and  experience,  volunteers,  if  available,  being  selected. 
These  three  bombing  squads  can  be  used  by  the  company  com- 
mander, either  separately  or  together,  during  an  attack,  a  counter- 
attack on  lost  portions  o'f  our  trenches,  or  on  any  other  occasion. 
The  battalion  commander  can,  if  he  thinks  it  desirable,  employ 
the  bombers  of  several  companies  together.  Each  man  can  carry 
up  to  20  grenades.  The  method  of  carrying  should  be  the  subject 
of  careful  experiments.  The  following  methods  are  worthy  of  con- 
sideration: Carrying  on  a  strap,  in  a  belt  hung  around  the  neck, 
in  a  sandbag  with  a  strap,  or  in  two  sandbags  hung  round  the  neck. 
Bombers  do  not  carry  either  rifle  or  bayonet,  but  are  armed  with 
revolver,  trench  dagger,  and  a  short  spade  with  a  sharp  edge,  or 
instead  of  the  latter  a  knobkerry.  To  insure  a  proper  supply  of 
bombs,  a  carrying  party  must  be  organized  as  demanded  by  the 
circumstances. 

VII.  USE  AND  APPLICATION  OF  THE  GRENADE. 

The  hand  grenade  is  both  an  offensive  and  defensive  weapon, 
and,  as  such,  indispensable.  Specific  rules  for  procedure  in  different 
phases  of  fighting  can  not  be  laid  down. 

In  the  case  of  a  counterattack  on  lost  trenches  the  fighting  should, 
as  a  general  rule,  be  so  arranged  that  the  trench  is  methodically 
cleared  bay  by  bay  and  at  once  occupied  and  consolidated  by  the 
sandbagging  party  in  rear  of  the  bombers. 

Bombers  will  be  similarly  employed  during  an  attack  on  a  hostile 
position.  Bombers  will  in  this  case  be  very  useful  on  the  flanks  for 
clearing  the  adjoining  trenches  and  for  repelling  the  inevitable 
counterattack. 

Should  the  enemy  make  a  frontal  attack  on  our  position,  bombs 
will  be  thrown  by  the  entire  trench  garrison  as  soon  as  the  enemy 
comes  close  enough.  The  choice  of  the  right  moment  for  the  change 
from  rifle  to  grenade  is  a  matter  for  the  platoon  or  section  commander, 
and  very  often  for  the  individual  man.  Great  emphasis  should  be 
laid  on  this  point  during  training,  and  men  should  be  shown  that  a 
premature  use  of  grenades  is  useless  and  niay  be  fatal. 

FRHR.  V.  WATTER. 


88 


PLATE  A. 


BLOCKING  GATE. 


89 


PLATE  A.— (conld.) 


When  gate  is  open  it  rests  on  a  hook.  This  hook  can  be  pulled 
aside  from  a  distance  by  a  wire  or  chain.  The  gate  is  self -locking 
and  can  be  opened  only  from  the  side  of  the  defenders. 

A  simple  swing  gate,  that  is,  one  swinging  horizontally  instead  of 
vertically  as  shown  in  the  above  plate,  is  preferable. 


90 


PLATE  B. 


'GRENADE,  -303"  SHORT  RIFLE. 
No.  3.    FIG.  1. 


GREXADE,  HAND. 
FIG.  2. 


No.  5. 


-Strikerlocr 
•Safety  Pin 

-FirinqStrikcr 
and  bpnny. 

•  •  Detonator. 


"ill  3°fety  Fu23 


91 


PLATE  0, 


VAKELESS  RIFLE  GRENADE,  No.  20. 
Half  size. 


Elevation. 


Wood  Plug 

Felt  Plug  - 
Detonator  Holder 
Brass  Tube 
Detonator 

Detonator  Cap 

Creep  Spring 
Striker  Pellet 

Retaining  Bolts 

Socket 

Safety  Pin 


feteel  Rod  to  tit 
Eifle  Barrel 


Plan* 


92 


PIPPIN  RIFLE  GRENADE,  Np.  22. 

Half  Size. 
Percussion  Cap. 


PLATE  D, 


Safety  Strip 


flat  Spring_=« 
Safety  Piu  - 

Special 

Cartridge  and 

Detonator 

Explosive    


Paper  Tube 


Steel  Rod  to  fit 
Rifle  Barrel 


Copper  Gas  CluxJ;  — gp a-- 


93 


PLATE  E. 

ATTACHMENT  FOR  FIRING  MILLS  GRENADE  FROM  A 


/I 


ATTACHMENT  FOR  FIRING  MILLS 
GRENADE  FROM  A  LONG  EIFLE. 


Elevation. 


94 


PLATE  Of.. 


DETONATORS. 
Fig.  1. 


Defona/br  ho/cfer 
J 

£efana/br 


i        i 

,  r/i*  \ 


FOR  No.  1  (SERVICE  HAND  GRENALE). 


95 


PLATE  F— 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


FOR  No.  2  (HALES  OR  MEXICAN 
HAND  GRENADE). 


FOR  No.  3  AND  No.  20  (HALES 

RIFLE  GRENADE  AND  VANELESS 

PATTERN). 


96 


Fig.  4. 


PLATE  F—  (confd). 

Fig.  7. 
No.  6  Detonator. 


T 

Copper  I 
/W>e — T 


/% 

i 
» 
i 

i 


Fu/m/nafe 
of  Mercury 


Fig.  8. 

5  Detonator. 


Copper 
rube  - 


t  - 


—  HL. 


fu/m/nafe. 
~of  Mercury 


FOR  No.  5  AND  No.  23  (MILLS  HAND  AND  RIFLE  GRENADES). 


97 


PLATE  F— {contd.). 


Figs.  5  and  6. 
PATTERN  B.  PATTERN  A. 


FOR  Na  22  (PIPPIN  RIFLE  GRBNAJOB). 

97777°— 17 7 


98 


PLATE  G. 
GERMAN  CYLINDRICAL  HAND  GRBNADE. 

With  handle  (earlier  type). 

Fig.  1.  Fig.  2. 

Section. 


99 


PLATE,  G—(am(tl) 

Fig.  3. — GERMAN  CYLINDRICAL  HAND  GRENADE. 
End  of  handle  of  later  type.    Full  size. 


Wire  P-nH 


Wood  Handle 


Section. 


Oord 

Wood  or  Porcelain 
Button  at  end  of  Cord 


Screwed  Metal  Cover  or 
Cardboard  Cover  (not  con- 
nected to  the  Oord) 


100 


PLATE  H. 

GERMAN  '  GRENADE.  . 

CYLINDRICAL  ELAND  GRENADE  WITH  HANDLE  (PERCUSSION), 
Half  full  size. 


Detonator 


Safety 
Wire 

Spring 
Cover 


Safety  Ball 


Safety  Pin 
(a  needle) 


Striker 


Flat 
Spring 


Safeti 
Wire 


Safety 
Cord 


In  another  description  it  is  stated  that  the  handle  ia  covered  by  a 
cap.,  Under  this  is  a  weight  which  serves  to  pull  out  the  safety  pin 
when  the  grenade  is  thrown. 


101 


PLATE  J. 


GERMAN  EGO  HAND  GRENADE. 


Wire  Loop 


Metal  Cap,  containing 
Friction  Tube 


Tube  containing  Fuse 


102 


PLATE  K. 


GERMAN  RIFLE  GBENADE,  1914. 
Fuze. 


Dcfonafor 
~uje  Charge 

Cardboard 
Cy/inder 


.Copper  P/<jq 


103 


PLATE  L. 


GERMAN. 
Rifle  Grenade,  1913. 


-N-       Igniter  P/uq 

Tin  Disc. 


ft-Charqe. 
^"Detonator 


W3Kf     '    S 

:.  '  '  ^  *•*:'  4-  -  Creep  Spring 


---Striker. 


— Brass  Tube 


— Spindle 

--Powder  Pellet 
"Base  Cup 

'"Gas  Escape. 

-•Striker  Pel  let 

--Cop. 
—  Needle 
~  Flat  Spring. 


—To//  Roo 

-  — £os  Check. 
^--Copper  Plug 


To  show  safety  pin  in  latest  pattern. 


104 


PLATE  M. 


DISC    HAND   GRENADE 


Cap 


Cap 


105 


PLATE  N. 


GERMAN  SPHERICAL  HAND  GRENADE. 


106 


GERMAN  GRENADES. 
Parachute  Hand  Grenade. 
Screwed Plug..  ,.£ 

Buffer 


PLATE  0. 


Striker  Pel /cb    - 
Hanging  Hook 


107 


PLATE  P. 


108 


NOTES  OF  SOME  RECENT  BOMBING  OPERATIONS, 
WITH  EXAMPLES. 

[Issued  by  the  General  Staff,  November,  1916.] 

1.  Cooperation. — Bombing  attacks  carried    out  without  careful 
organization  and  cooperation  of  Lewis  guns,  rifle  grenades,  Stokes's 
mortars  and  snipers  are  likely  to  fail  as  a  rule,  and  the  most  careful 
training  at  brigade  and  divisional  bombing  schools  is  necessary  in 
order  to  insure  the  best  results. 

Snipers  and  Lewis  guns  must  be  handled  boldly.  Pushed  out  in 
the  open  to  a  flank,  they  are  likely  to  be  of  the  greatest  value  in 
repelling  counterattacks  and  assisting  the  advance  of  bombing 
parties. 

Lewis  guns  were  often  most  valuable  as  substitutes  for  bombing 
squads  for  blocking  straight  pieces  of  trench. 

The  Germans  frequently  make  use  of  machine  guns  for  this  pur- 
pose. 

2.  Stokes's  mortar  shells. — It  has  been  found  useful  to  provide 
bombers  with  Stokes's  mortar  shells,  with  one  safety  pin,  and  creep 
spring  removed,  thus  turning  the  shell  into  a  Mills' s  grenade  on  a 
large  scale  with  a  priming  fuze  up  to  13  seconds.     One  of  these  shells 
is  quite  sufficient  to  severely  damage  entrances  to  dugouts,  tunnels, 
etc. 

3.  Mills' s  rifle  grenades. — These  rifle  grenades  have  been  found 
especially  useful  in  assisting  the  advance  of  bombers,  their  range 
of  100  yards  being  of  great  value  when  the  bombers  are  outraged 
by  German  "egg"  grenades. 

An  ample  supply  of  rifle  grenades  is  of  the  utmost  importance, 
for  they  can  frequently  prevent  hostile  bombing  parties  from  being 
organized  for  attack. 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  supply  of  Mills's  rifle  grenades,  all  Mills's 
grenades  are  now  being  tapped  for  rods. 

4.  Supply  of  grenades. — The  proper  organization  of  a  plentiful 
supply  of  bombs  is  absolutely  essential.     Several  advanced  dumps, 
therefore,  must  be  made  when  bombing  operations  are  anticipated. 
The  expenditure  of  bombs  is  extraordinarily  large,  and  the  replenish- 
ment of  the  advanced  dumps  is  therefore  a  matter  of  great  difficulty. 
A  permanent  carrying  party  is  essential.    Troops  in  support,  if  recently 
relieved,  are  often  too  exhausted  to  perform  this  very  arduous  duty. 

(109) 


110 

The  use  of  a  chain  of  men  for  passing  grenades  forward  in  sacks 
from  hand  to  hand  proved  very  successful.  When  this  method 
could  not  be  used,  relays  working  within  well-defined  limits— that  is, 
from  dump  to  dump — also  proved  very  satisfactory.  In  this  case 
grenades  were  carried  in  boxes  from  brigade  headquarters  to  the  fire- 
trench  dump  and  thence  in  sand  bags,  12  in  each  bag. 

EXAMPLE  I— ATTACK  BY  THE  A  BATTALION  A.   I.  F.   (NIGHT  OF 
29TH-30TH  AUGUST). 

1.  Orders. — The  line  C  D,  C  F  was  the  objective  for  a  company 
holding  the  line  A  B. 

We  had  a  block  at  V,  the  enemy  having  blocks  at  W  and  X  in 
the  same  trench. 


One  section  of  the  regimental  bombing  platoon  was  ordered 
to  work  along  the  trench  to  the  objective  and  to  establish  a  block 
on  the  other  side  of  it.  A  second  section  was  ordered  to  follow  in 
close  support,  and  a  Stokes  mortar  at  T  was  ordered  to  cooperate. 
Company  bombing  sections  were  to  follow  the  second  wave  of  their 
company  to  deal  with  enemy  dugouts  and  to  clear  up  generally. 

2.  Narrative. — The  first  bombing  section  moved  up  to  block  V, 
and  the  second  wave,  moving  out  into  No  Man's  Land,  commenced 
bombing  along  the  trench. 

They  passed  the  first  enemy  block  (W)  and  were  halfway  to  the 
second  (X)  when  the  assault  was  delivered  by  the  first  wave.  From 
then  to  the  first  objective  very  little  opposition  was  encountered. 


Ill 

On  arriving  at  the  intersection  of  trench  V  W  X  with  trench  C  D 
they  were  assailed  with  bombs  on  their  right  and  left  from  this 
latter  trench,  and  also  from  Z,  where  enemy  had  established  another 
block. 

The  trench  mortar,  being  quickly  informed,  opened  fire  on  Z. 

The  second  bombing  section  was  ordered  to  deal  with  the  enemy's 
bombers  on  the  right  and  left,  while  the  first  bombing  section  con- 
tinued the  advance  under  cover  of  the  trench  mortar,  which  in- 
creased its  range  about  15  yards  every  3  shots. 

Z  was  passed  and  a  block  established  about  20  yards  on  the  other 
side  of  it. 

3.  Remarks. — The  total  casualties  of  the  two  bombing  sections 
were  6  wounded,  whilst  10  of  the  enemy  were  found  dead  in  the 
trench  V  W  X  Z. 

The  system  of  replacing  casualties  worked  satisfactorily. 

The  bombers  had  no  difficulty  in  following  up  the  trench-mortar 
fire. 

EXAMPLE    II. — ATTACK    BY    BATTALION,    WORCESTERSHIRE 

REGIMENT  (24TH  AUGUST). 

1.  This  battalion,  in  conjunction  with  —  Battalion,  Wilts  Regi- 
ment, carried  out  a  successful  attack  on  the  Hindenburg  trench. 
The  right  company  was  given  special  instructions  to  guard  its  right 
flank. 

2.  The   objective   was  reached   without  much  difficulty.    Two 
squads  of  bombers,  each  consisting  of  10  men,  including  two  Mills 
rifle  bombers,  were  then  ordered  to  hold  point  X,  and,  if  possible, 
push  on  to  Y,  supported  by  a  Lewis  gun. 

At  point  X  a  party  of  six  enemy  bombers  was  encountered  and 
driven  back  by  two  bombers  after  an  encounter  of  a  few  seconds. 
Two  bays  behind  them  a  party  of  1^2  to  15  bombers  was  discovered; 
it  stood  its  ground.  It  was  evidently  covering  a  machine-gun  team, 
which  was  seen  to  be  trying  to  mount  a  machine  gun.  This  oppo- 
sition was  dealt  ^ith  as  follows: 

(a)  Riflemen  were  at  once  thrown  out  on  either  flank  in  shell 
holes,  well  out  of  bombing  range. 

(6)  A  Lewis  gun  was  brought  into  action  on  top  of  a  high  traverse, 
enfilading  the  whole  enemy  trench,  and  immediately  putting  the 
enemy's  machine  gun  out  of  action. 

(c)  A  bombing  squad  attacked  the  enemy  as  follows:  One  officer 
with  periscope  (who  also  threw  bombs),  three  bombers,  each  car- 
rying 16  bombs-,  and  a  man  with  an  aptillery  flag. 


112 

(d)  A  Stokes  mortar  fired  on  point  Y  throughout  the  operation. 

After  about  15  minutes'  fighting  the  entire  trench  was  captured 
and  23  prisoners  taken.  We  suffered  no  casualties  from  the  enemy's 
bombs. 

3.  The  success  of  the  operation  vvas  due  to  the  following  facts: 

(a)  The  promptitude  with  which  the  Lewis  gun  and  snipers  got 
into  position,  thereby  preventing  the  enemy  from  throwing  his 
bombs  to  the  best  advantage,  while  our  men  outthrew  him  through- 
out. 

(6)  The  composition  of  the  bombing  team  prevented  crowding, 
thereby  obviating  casualties  and  indiscriminate  throwing. 

The  use  of  the  periscope  rendered  the  employment  of  bayonet 
men  unnecessary  and  made  it  possible  to  observe  each  bomber's 
individual  aim. 

The  artillery  flag,  though  disclosing  our  position,  was  most  neces- 
sary as  a  guide  to  the  sniper,  Lewis  gun,  and  trench  mortar  battery. 

(c)  A  few  smoke  bombs  were  carried,  and  two  of  the  four  dugouts 
found  had  to  be  burned  out,  as  Germans  were  found  coming  out  of 
them  after  the  bombing  party  had  passed  and  showed  fight. 

(d)  The  Stokes  gun  kept  up  an  accurate  fire  on  Point  Y,  and 
thereby  probably  prevented  the  retirement  of  the  Germans  who 
were  captured. 

No  Mills  rifle  grenades  were  used,  as  our  men  successfully  out- 
threw  the  enemy  with  hand  grenades. 

The  battalion  made  a  successful  attack  on  a  German  strong  point 
and  bombed  up  the  trench  to  the  north  of  it. 

The  attack  was  made  about  midnight;  during  the  day  our  artillery 
and  Stokes  mortars  had  shelled  the  strong  point.  This  was  V  shaped, 
vide  sketch. 

Two  platoons  were  directed  to  attack  across  the  open  (A  on  sketch), 
and  bombing  parties  to  bomb  up^the  trench  on  either  side  (B  and  C 
on  sketch),  and  to  join  up  with  them. 

Immediately  before  the  assault  the  strong  point  was  bombarded 
for  a  few  minutes  with  rifle  grenades.  The  enterprise  was  carefully 
timed,  and  each  party  reached  its  objective  simultaneously  and  soon 
joined  hands. 

A  considerable  number  of  Germans  were  found  in  the  deep  dugouts 
and  taken  prisoners.  Others  ran  up  the  trench  (D  on  sketch), 
followed  by  our  bombers,  who  killed  several  and  took  more  prison- 
ers; but  finding  they  had  pushed  beyond  their  objective  and  that 
the  enemy  we're  rallying  and  trying  to  surround  them  they  retired 
to  the  bomb  stop  which  was  being  made  at  the  prearranged  objective. 


113 

As  but  little  opposition  was  at  first  met  with  the  bombing  parties 
pushed  on  very  quickly. 

Branching  off  to  the  right  and  left  were  a  large  number  of  deep 
dugouts  and  trenches,  and  after  finding  "stops"  over  each  dugout 


Stop 


bombing  teams  for  each  branch  trench  and  working  parties  to  make 
barricades  few  men  were  left  when  the  final  objective  was  reached  — 
where  the  most  resistance  was  experienced.  It  was  found  more  satis- 
factory to  attack  by  daylight  than  by  night,  owing  to  the  difficulty 
of  seeing  where  the  various  dugouts  and  branch  trenches  led  to. 

97777°_17  -  8 


114 


PLATE 


THROWING  STANDING  IN  THE  OPEN. 


115 


PLATE  IA. 


POSITION  AFTER  THROWING. 


116 


PLATE  2. 


THROWING  KNEELING. 


117 


PLATE  3. 


THROWING  FROM  A  DEEP  TRENCH. 


118 


PLATE  3A. 


AFTER  THROWING  FROM  A  DEEP  TRENCH. 


119 


PLATE  4. 


120 


121 


PLATE  6. 


122 


123 


124 


PLATE  10. 


125 


PLATE  10A. 


o 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 


This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


i*«l    ju"nQM^ 

17Jan  ~ 

«r.f»-j-*-iir>    8"~"f*6 

t 

RECTO  t» 

JAN  2?  1358 

JcflSf 

IjL 

<7 

H£C'D  LC 

Ml    B66 

SENT  ON  ILL 

MAY  1  8  199*» 

U.  C.  BERKELEY 

LD  21-50m-8,'57 
(,C8481slO)476 


General  Library 

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PAT.  JAN.  21,  1908 


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